GNU's Bulletin, vol. 1 no. 22, January, 1997
- GNU's Who
- Administrivia and Copyright
- Other GPL'ed Software
- What Is the FSF?
- What Is Copyleft?
- What Is a GNU/Linux system?
- Become a Patron of the FSF
- Free Software Redistributors Donate
- Help from Free Software Companies
- Toyota's Donation
- University or Software Company?
- Bad News and Good News about Pine
- What Is the LPF?
- What Is the Hurd?
- GNUs Flashes
- Astronomical Analysis Systems Freed
- Free Music Philosophy
- Help the GNU Translation Project
- GNU & Other Free Software in Japan
- Forthcoming GNUs
- Free Software Support
- GNU Software
- Program/Package Cross Reference
- The Deluxe Distribution
- CD-ROMs
- CD-ROM Subscription Service
- GNU Documentation
- How to Get GNU Software
- FSF T-shirt
- Free Software for Microcomputers
- Project GNU Wish List
- Thank GNUs
- Donations Translate Into Free Software
- Cygnus Matches Donations!
- Free Software Foundation Order Form
- Address Page
GNU's Who
Thomas Bushnell, n/BSG (whose name used to be Michael) and Miles Bader work on the Hurd. Karl Heuer enhances Emacs and with Ian Murdock is in charge of making Deluxe Distributions. Jim Blandy is working on GUILE, GNU's Ubiquitous Intelligent Language for Extension, and Teak, a desktop interface.
Melissa Weisshaus is working on special documentation projects.
Peter H. Salus is our Vice President in charge of fund raising, publishing, conferences, tutorials, and managing the non-technical side of the FSF. Prof. Masayuki Ida is our Vice President for Japan. He is organizing Japanese seminars, working with GNU's friends in Japan, etc. Tami Friedman RN, BSN is our GNUrse. She also attends to most of the administrative work in the office. Brian Youmans is our Distribution Manager and handles online inquiries. Robert J. Chassell is our Secretary/Treasurer. Daniel Hagerty and Carol Botteron have left the FSF, but continue to volunteer for GNU. We thank them for their hard work.
Thanks to volunteer Scott Ewing for helping to coordinate all the volunteers in the GNU Project. Thanks to volunteers Joel Ray Holveck and Paul van Gool who coordinate our volunteer system administrators: Derek Davies, Nicolai Guba, Paul Guglielmino, Craig Hagan, Martin Hamilton, Kevin Harris, Kirk Vogelsang, Stephen Smoogen, and Marc Schaefer, who we also thank. Richard Stallman continues as a volunteer who does countless tasks, such as Emacs maintenance. Volunteers Phil Nelson and Len Tower work on our Web site. Len also remains our online JOAT (jack-of-all-trades), for mailing lists, gnUSENET newsgroups, information requests, etc.
Administrivia and Copyright
Written & Edited by:
Jonathan P. Tuttle,
Robert J. Chassell,
&
Len Tower Jr.
Illustrations by: Etienne Suvasa
Japanese Edition by: Mieko Hikichi and Nobuyuki Hikichi
ISSN (International Standard Serial Number): 1075-7813
The GNU's Bulletin is published at the end of January and the end of July each year. Please note that there is no postal mailing list. To get a copy, send your name and address with your request to the address on the top menu. Enclosing $1.00 in U.S. Postage and/or a donation of a few dollars is appreciated but not required. If you're outside the USA, sending a mailing label and enough International Reply Coupons for a package of about 100 grams is appreciated but not required. (Including a few extra International Reply Coupons for copying costs is also appreciated.)
Copyright (C) 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This page is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License.
Other GPL'ed Software
We maintain a list of copylefted software that we do not presently
distribute. FTP the file
`/pub/gnu/GPLedSoftware' from a GNU FTP host (listed in section How to Get GNU Software).
Please let us know of additional programs we should mention.
We don't list Emacs Lisp Libraries;
host archive.cis.ohio-state.edu
has a list of those you can FTP
in the file `/pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive/LCD-datafile.Z'.
What Is the FSF?
The Free Software Foundation is dedicated to eliminating restrictions on people's right to use, copy, modify, and redistribute computer programs. We do this by promoting the development and use of free software. Specifically, we are putting together a complete, integrated software system named "GNU" ("GNU's Not Unix", pronounced "guh-noo") that will be upwardly compatible with Unix. Most parts of this system are already being used and distributed.
The word "free" in our name refers to freedom, not price. You may or may not pay money to get GNU software, but either way you have three specific freedoms once you get it: first, the freedom to copy a program, and distribute it to your friends and co-workers; second, the freedom to change a program as you wish, by having full access to source code; third, the freedom to distribute a modified version and thus help build the community. Free software means you can study the source and learn how such programs are written; it means you can port it or improve it, and then share your work with others.
If you redistribute GNU software, you may charge a distribution fee or you may give it away, so long as you include the source code and the GNU General Public License; see section What Is Copyleft?, for details.
Other organizations distribute whatever free software happens to be available. By contrast, the Free Software Foundation concentrates on the development of new free software, working towards a GNU system complete enough to eliminate the need to use a proprietary system.
Besides developing GNU, the FSF distributes GNU software and manuals for a distribution fee, and accepts gifts (tax-deductible in the U.S.) to support GNU development. Most of the FSF's funds come from its distribution service.
The Board of the Foundation is: Richard M. Stallman, President; Robert J. Chassell, Secretary/Treasurer; Gerald J. Sussman, Harold Abelson, and Leonard H. Tower Jr., Directors.
What Is Copyleft?
The simplest way to make a program free is to put it in the public domain, uncopyrighted. But this permits proprietary modified versions, which deny others the freedom to redistribute and modify; such versions undermine the goal of giving freedom to all users. To prevent this, copyleft uses copyrights in a novel manner. Typically, copyrights take away freedoms; copyleft preserves them. It is a legal instrument that requires those who pass on a program to include the rights to use, modify, and redistribute the code; the code and the freedoms become legally inseparable.
The copyleft used by the GNU Project is made from the combination of a regular copyright notice and the GNU General Public License (GPL). The GPL is a copying license which basically says that you have the aforementioned freedoms. An alternate form, the GNU Library General Public License (LGPL), applies to a few (but not most) GNU libraries. This license permits linking the libraries into proprietary executables under certain conditions. The appropriate license is included in each GNU source code distribution and in many manuals. Printed copies are available upon request.
We strongly encourage you to copyleft your programs and documentation, and we have made it as simple as possible for you to do so. The details on how to apply either form of GNU Public License appear at the end of each license.
What Is a GNU/Linux system?
by Richard M. Stallman
A GNU/Linux system is a system which is a combination of Linux and GNU.
Linux is a kernel, compatible with the Unix kernel, written by Linus Torvalds. There are several different distributions available via FTP and CD-ROM. None are distributed by the FSF at this time.
GNU is a Unix-like operating system. We started the GNU Project in 1984 with the aim of bringing such a system into existence. A Unix-like operating system consists of many components; we had to obtain each of the important components somehow. The job was so large that many of the people who sympathized with the goal were discouraged from attempting it, but we decided we would reach the goal no matter how long it took.
We found some components already available as free software--for example, the X Window System & TeX. Naturally we decided to use them, since the job was big enough even with short cuts. We got other components by helping to convince their developers to free them--for example, the Berkeley network utilities.
The rest of components, we had to write. These include Emacs, the GNU C & C++ compilers & libraries, Bash, Ghostscript, Groff, & many others.
All of these various components--those we wrote, those we helped make free, and those we found already available--together make up the GNU system.
Until recently, users couldn't run the GNU system, because one part (the kernel; see section What Is the Hurd?) was not yet ready. (We made the first test release a half year ago.) However, for a couple of years now, it has been possible to put together the Linux kernel and the almost-complete GNU system, resulting in a complete Unix-like free operating system suitable for actual use.
While commonly referred to as "Linux systems", we prefer the term "Linux-based GNU systems," or "GNU/Linux systems" for short, since these systems are mostly the same as the GNU system. This gives Linus credit for the kernel that he wrote, while still indicating that these systems as a whole are essentially variants of the GNU system.
We also occasionally use the term "GNU/Hurd system" to emphasize that we mean a version of the GNU system which uses the Hurd rather than Linux.
We think it is proper to give the GNU Project credit for making the free Unix-like system that it set out for a decade ago. But there is a more important reason for friends of GNU to use names like "Linux-based GNU system" instead of "Linux system." This is to help spread the GNU Project's philosophical idea: that there is ethical importance in freeing users to share software and cooperate in improving it; that free software belongs to a community, and people who benefit from the community should feel a moral obligation to help build the community when they have a chance.
When users install a system which they call "Linux," they can easily miss ever seeing the GNU idea. When businesses promote a system and call it "Linux," they can easily avoid bringing the GNU idea to users' attention. And if the GNU idea is not widely known, fewer people will write free software.
A conference was recently announced on the topic of developing "Linux applications"; although the conference is about using the GNU system, the conference announcement did not mention GNU.
The announcement does not even hint that there is any ethical reason to contribute to free software. On the contrary, it offers a panel entitled, "Licenses and licensing--I don't want to give away my application!!!" (The three `!' marks appear in the announcement). Even the title encourages people writing new software (which could enhance all free operating systems) to make it proprietary instead, thus contributing nothing to the free software community.
It would be harder to express that attitude if everyone knew that the topic is a variant of the GNU system. It is up to you and us to make sure they know. To do that, we have to inform people using variant GNU systems that that is what they are doing.
So please use "Linux-based GNU system" or "GNU/Linux" when you talk about a system which is a combination of Linux & GNU. At first, it may feel strange to go against the flow, but think how much more "against the flow" it was to start writing a free operating system. We did it, and you can do it.
Become a Patron of the FSF
The Free Software Foundation wants to acknowledge its supporters and contributors in a more visible fashion. You can now become an "official" supporter of the FSF.
- $100 makes you a Supporter of the FSF; you get a listing of your name in GNU's Bulletin for a year.
- $500 makes you a Contributor; you get a mention, a Certificate and a "Thank GNUs."
- $1000 makes you a Sustaining Contributor; you get a mention, a Certificate, and a gift.
- $5000 makes you a Patron; you get all the "benefits" of a Sustaining Contributor plus a special gift.
The Free Software Foundation is a 501(c)(3) organization; all contributions are tax deductible in the US.
Free Software Redistributors Donate
In addition to their conference donation, Red Hat Software has agreed to donate $1.00 to the FSF for every copy of Red Hat Archives sold. They have also added a GNU logo to the back of that CD with the words "Supports the Free Software Foundation".
The SNOW 2.1 CD producers added the words "Includes $5 donation to the FSF" to the front of their CD. Potential buyers will know just how much of the price is for the FSF & how much is for the redistributor.
The Sun Users Group Deutschland has made it even clearer: their CD says, "Price 90 DM, + 12 DM donation to the FSF." We thank them for their contribution to our efforts.
Kyoto Micro Computer of Japan regularly gives us 10% of their GNU-related sales.
Mr. Hiroshi, Mr. Kojima, and the other authors of the Linux Primer in Japan have donated money from the sales of their book.
Infomagic has continued to make sizeable donations to the FSF.
At the request of author Arnold Robbins, Specialized Systems Consultants, Inc. continues to donate 3% of their profits from selling Effective AWK Programming. We would also like to acknowledge the many SSC authors who have donated their royalties and fees to the FSF.
In the long run, the success of free software depends on how much new free software people develop. Free software distribution offers an opportunity to raise funds for such development in an ethical way. These redistributors have made use of the opportunity. Many others let it go to waste.
You can help promote free software development by convincing for-a-fee redistributors to contribute--either by doing development themselves or by donating to development organizations (the FSF and others).
The way to convince distributors to contribute is to demand and expect this of them. This means choosing among distributors partly by how much they give to free software development. Then you can show distributors they must compete to be the one who gives the most.
To make this work, you must insist on numbers that you can compare, such as, "We will give ten dollars to the Foobar project for each disk sold." A vague commitment, such as "A portion of the profits is donated," doesn't give you a basis for comparison. Even a precise fraction "of the profits from this disk" is not very meaningful, since creative accounting and unrelated business decisions can greatly alter what fraction of the sales price counts as profit.
Also, press developers for firm information about what kind of development they do or support. Some kinds make much more long-term difference than others. For example, maintaining a separate version of a GNU program contributes very little; maintaining a program on behalf of the GNU Project <contributes much. Easy new ports contribute little, since someone else would surely do them; difficult ports such as adding a new CPU to the GNU compiler or Mach contribute more; major new features & programs contribute the most.
By establishing the idea that supporting further development is "the proper thing to do" when distributing free software for a fee, we can assure a steady flow of resources for making more free software.
Help from Free Software Companies
When choosing a free software business, ask those you are considering how much they do to assist free software development, e.g., by contributing money to free software development or by writing free software improvements themselves for general use. By basing your decision partially on this factor, you can help encourage those who profit from free software to contribute to its growth.
Wingnut (SRA's special GNU support group) regularly donates a part of its income to the FSF to support the development of new GNU programs. Listing them here is our way of thanking them. Wingnut has made a pledge to donate 10% of their income to the FSF, and has purchased several Deluxe Distribution packages in Japan. Also see section Cygnus Matches Donations!.
Wingnut Project
Software Research Associates, Inc.
1-1-1 Hirakawa-cho, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 102, Japan
Phone: (+81-3)3234-2611
Fax: (+81-3)3942-5174
E-mail: info-wingnut@sra.co.jp
WWW: `http://www.sra.co.jp/public/sra/product/wingnut/'
Toyota's Donation
The VSC Research and Development group of Toyota Motor Corporation sent us a note saying that the FSF's "high quality software makes our work easier, and we value it greatly.... Recently we have received some prizes and monetary awards for our work. We believe we would not have received these without your software." They are donating half of the award to the FSF & hope that publication in the bulletin may encourage further donations from others.
University or Software Company?
In academe, we like to think that a university has a mission--advancing and disseminating knowledge. For today's university administrators, though, perpetuation of the university has become an end in itself, never mind how or why. In their blind determination to "keep the university afloat," they forget why it was launched.
If you work for a university, or study at one, don't assume it is immune to this problem. When you write a program, don't let the university administration decide whether to share it or not. Instead, insist on a detailed written statement saying that you can share your work with the public, and don't wait to finish your program before you get the statement signed!
If you need help, contact the Free Software Foundation; we will be glad to help you overcome this obstacle to make your software free. Address the issue early--the sooner you deal with the problem, the more likely you can solve it.
Bad News and Good News about Pine
Pine is a simple electronic mail reader for beginning users, which we have included on our Source CDs since 1995.
In March of 1996, the Pine developers released a new version with new usage restrictions. The new terms do not permit everyone to redistribute, and do not in general permit distribution of modified versions. Either restriction would be enough to prevent Pine from being free software. This and subsequent versions are off-limits for the free software community.
The previous versions of Pine remain free. However, no substantial program is bug-free, and every program needs to be maintained. So in April 1996, the FSF recruited a team of volunteers to carry on development of a free mail reader based on the last available free release of Pine (3.91). (To avoid trademark issues, our version will likely be released under a different name.)
Forking a program is unfortunate; people should try their best to work together before giving up and working separately. So before embarking on separate development, we tried our best to persuade the old developers to make their work free software once again. In the end, though, they rejected our plea.
The good news is that the team of volunteers has done substantial work, and we hope for a release soon.
What Is the LPF?
The League for Programming Freedom (LPF) aims to protect the freedom to write software. This freedom is threatened by "look-and-feel" interface copyright lawsuits and by software patents.
The League is a grass-roots organization of professors, students, business people, programmers, users, & even software companies dedicated to bringing back the freedom to write programs. The League isn't opposed to the legal system that Congress intended--copyright on individual programs. The League aims to reverse recent changes made by judges in response to special interests.
Membership dues in the League are $42 per year for programmers, managers, and professionals; $10.50 for students; $21 for others.
To join, please send a check and the following information:
- Your name and phone numbers (home, work, or both).
- The address to use for League mailings, a few each year (please indicate whether it is your home address or your work address).
- The company you work for, and your position.
- Your email address, so the League can contact you for political action. (If you don't want to be contacted for this, please say so, but please provide your email address anyway.)
-
Please mention anything about you which would enable your
endorsement of the League to impress the public. - Please say whether you would like to help with League activities.
The League is not connected with the Free Software Foundation, and is not concerned with the issue of free software. The FSF supports the League because, like any software developer smaller than Microsoft, it is endangered by software patents and interface copyrights. You are in danger, too! It would be easy to ignore the problem until you or your employer is sued, but it is more prudent to organize before that happens.
If you haven't made up your mind yet, write for more information:
League for Programming Freedom One Kendall Square - #143 P.O. Box 9171 Cambridge, MA 02139 USA Electronic-Mail:lpf@uunet.uu.net
World Wide Web: `http://www.lpf.org/' FTP:ftp.uu.net:/doc/lpf
What Is the Hurd?
The Hurd is a collection of server processes that run on top of Mach, a free message-passing microkernel developed at CMU. The Hurd and Mach together form the kernel of the GNU/Hurd operating system. The GNU C Library implements the Unix "system call" interface by sending messages to Hurd servers as appropriate.
The Hurd allows users to create and share useful projects without knowing much about the internal workings of the system--projects that might never have been attempted without freely available source, a well-designed interface, and a multiple server design. The Hurd is thus like other expandable GNU software, e.g. Emacs and GUILE.
Currently, there are free ports of the Mach kernel to the 386 PC, the DEC PMAX workstation, and several other machines, with more in progress, including the Amiga, PA-RISC HP 700, & DEC Alpha-3000. Contact us if you want to help with one of these or start your own. Porting the GNU Hurd & GNU C Library is easy (easier than porting GNU Emacs, certainly easier than porting the compiler) once a Mach port to a particular platform exists. Right now we are using the University of Utah's Mach distribution (see `http://www.cs.utah.edu/projects/flux/') which we hope will be unified with the distribution produced by the Open Software Foundation.
We have made several test releases of the Hurd. See section GNUs Flashes, for recent progress.
We need help with significant Hurd-related projects.
Experienced system programmers who are interested should send mail
to gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu
. Porting the Mach kernel or the GNU C
Library to new systems is another way to help.
You can obtain test releases of the Hurd from a GNU FTP host (listed in section How to Get GNU Software) along with complete binaries for an i386 GNU system. We will not be distributing these on CD-ROM until they are more stable.
GNUs Flashes
- Hurd Progress (Also see section What Is the Hurd?) We have made two test releases of the Hurd, and we will make another (version 0.2) in this month. Stability is improving, and we have begun modifying various user-level utilities to understand new Hurd filesystem features (fileutils, shellutils, tar, etc.). One way for people to help out is to compile and run as much third-party free software as they can; in this way we can find bugs and deficiencies with some rapidity. Volunteers with a PC are therefore eagerly sought to get the new 0.2 release and compile their favorite Unix programs and games.
- GNU System Progress Version 0.2 of the GNU system will be released in this month, to coincide with the 0.2 release of the Hurd. This complete GNU system is available by FTP. We are working with Ian Murdock to develop an excellent package management system for GNU. This will make administering and upgrading the system much easier. Because of features only the Hurd has, the GNU package management system will be simpler and more featureful than similar package systems for various GNU/Linux distributions.
- New Source Code CD! (See section January 1997 Source Code CD-ROMs)
We are releasing the January 1997 (Edition 9) Source Code CD-ROM this month.
Once again, it is a two disk set.
It includes several new programs:
gforth
,gpc
, <Meta-HTML>,stow
,units
, VRweb,wget
,windows32api
, andxinfo
. On the CD-ROMs are full distributions of X11R6.3, MIT Scheme, Emacs, GCC, and current versions of all other GNU Software. See section GNU Software, for more about these packages. - New Compiler Tools CD-ROM
We are releasing the January 1997 (Edition 4) Compiler Tools Binaries CD. Support is included for several new operating systems, including hppa1.1-hp-hpux10, powerpc-ibm-aix4.2, sparc-sun-solaris2.4, and sparc-sun-solaris2.5. These operating systems continue to be on this Cd-ROM: i386-msdos, hppa1.1-hp-hpux9, sparc-sun-sunos4.1. The Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM contains ready to run executables of the GNU compiler tools for some systems that don't normally come with a compiler. This allows users of those systems to compile their own software without having to buy a proprietary compiler.
We hope to include more systems with each update of this CD-ROM. If you can help build binaries for new systems or have one to suggest, please contact us at either address on the top menu. For more information, see section January 1997 Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM.
- New/Updated Manuals since Last Bulletin (See section GNU Documentation) Since the last bulletin, we have published new editions of: Debugging with GDB, for version 4.16 with a new color cover; Texinfo Manual, edition 2.24; & the GNU Emacs Manual, for version 19.33 with a new color cover. Using and Porting GNU CC has been re-printed in a lay-flat bound edition with a new color cover. A new Bison Manual with a new color cover is planned.
- Give to GNU the United Way! As a 501(c)3 tax-exempt organization, the FSF is eligible to receive United Way funds. When donating to United Way, one can specify that all or part of the donation be directed to the FSF. On the donor form, check the "Specific Requests" box and include the sentence, "Send my gift to the Free Software Foundation, 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110." We especially appreciate the donations from Microsoft matching the United Way donations of their employees. Also see section Donations Translate Into Free Software and section Cygnus Matches Donations!.
- Proceedings of the First Conference on Freely Redistributable Software The Proceedings of the First Conference on Freely Redistributable Software have been published. They are available from the FSF while supplies last (see the FSF Order Form, in the centerfold).
- Tapes and MS-DOS Diskettes No Longer Available from the FSF We no longer offer tapes or MS-DOS diskettes due to very low demand.
- GNU Software Works on MS-DOS (Also see section GNU Software) GNU Emacs 19 and many other GNU programs have been ported to MS-DOS for i386/i486/Pentium machines. We ship binaries & sources on the section January 1997 Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM.
- The FSF Takes Credit Cards We take these credit cards: Carte Blanche, Diner's Club, MasterCard, JCB, Visa, and American Express. Please note that we are charged about 5% of an order's total amount in credit card processing fees. Please consider paying by check instead or adding on a 5% donation to make up the difference. We do not recommend that you send credit card numbers to us via email, since we have no way of insuring that the information will remain confidential.
- MULE Merge Almost Complete MULE is the Multi-Lingual Emacs developed by Ken'ichi Handa at the Electro-Technical Lab in Tsukuba, Japan. Handa has readied the code for merging into Emacs and we expect to complete the merge soon.
- GCC (For current status on GCC and GNAT, see section GNU Software)
New front ends for GCC are being done for Pascal & Chill.
Pascal,
gpc
, stagnated for some years, but should be released by the time you read this. See `http://agnes.dida.physik.uni-essen.de/~gnu-pascal'. - GUILE
GUILE is currently available as a test release. GNU's Ubiquitous Intelligent Language for Extension is an SCM-based library that can make any ordinary C program extensible. (For SCM info, see "JACAL" in section GNU Software.)
Also being developed are SCSH-compatible system call & Tk interfaces, a module system, dynamic linking support, & a byte-code interpreter. Support for Emacs Lisp & a more C-like language is coming.
units
Adrian Mariano is doing GNU's version of the traditional Unixunits
program. It converts a quantity expressed in one scale to another scale.- Texinfo (For current status, see section GNU Software)
Texinfo now provides macro facilities and supports multicolumn tables.
It comes with an
install-info
program that packages can use to update the `dir' file automatically when they install their Info files. - GNU Common Lisp (For current status, see section GNU Software)
Version 2.2.1 of GNU Common Lisp (GCL) was released in December '96. It now
includes a graphical interface to the Tk widget system. All documentation
is now Texinfo-based, with built-in regexp matching used to access the
documentation. A first pass at the Common Lisp condition system is also
included. Version 2.2.1 contains mainly updates to allow GCL 2.2 to
work correctly with current operating system levels, and to fix bugs.
Volunteers to help with the move to the ANSI standard
are most welcome; please contact
schelter@math.utexas.edu
. - Experimental Electronic Cash `http://www.lysator.liu.se/~nisse/NCash' is an experimental implementation of anonymous electronic cash which is to be released as free software.
- Web page mirrored in France and Germany The GNU WWW site `http://www.gnu.ai.mit.edu' is now mirrored in Germany at the URL `http://agnes.dida.physik.uni-essen.de/~gnu', and in France at the URL: `http://gnu.via.ecp.fr'. The FSF thanks Peter Gerwinski and Yann Doussot for running these mirrors.
- HTML Professional and GPL
The recent development and release of HTML Professional was made under
the terms of the GNU GPL. In order to facilitate distribution, the GPL
text was re-encoded into this more recent version of HTML, and is now
distributed with HTML Pro. An online copy can be retrieved at
`http://www.arbornet.org/~silmaril/dtds/html/gnugpl.html'.
HTML Pro is an unofficial version of the HTML DTD.
HTML Pro is distributed for
discussion by the
www-html
mailing list. It composites all other known versions, and allows World Wide Web designers to use recent experimental additions in a rational and structured manner. It comes with a.ced
file for GNU Emacs/psgml-mode and can be gotten at `ftp://www.ucc.ie/pub/html/htmlpro.{zip|tar.gz|zip.hqx}'.
Documentation is at
`http://www.arbornet.org/~silmaril/dtds/html/htmlpro.html'. - Meta-HTML 5.01 Source Release
Version 5.01 of Universal Access Inc.'s <Meta-HTML> is now available.
<Meta-HTML> is a programming language specifically designed to work within the environment of the World Wide Web. Although it is a genuine programming language, suitable for large-scale symbolic manipulation, <Meta-HTML> also provides the most commonly wanted Web functionality as built-in primitives, so you don't have to write them. You can find out more about the theory of implementation in this white paper `http://www.metahtml.com/meta-html/manifesto.html'. Web pages are authored using HTML and <Meta-HTML> statements freely intermixed. When a page is requested by a browser, the page is passed through the <Meta-HTML> engine, which dynamically processes any <Meta-HTML> statements to produce a final HTML page which is delivered to the browser. The source distribution provides several different interpreter options: a CGI engine which can be run by any Unix Web server; a full-featured Web server (mhttpd) with the interpreter built in; a standalone processor, much like Perl or Tcl; and an interactive debugger, with a feel similar to GDB (mdb). There is a user mailing list:
metahtml-users@metahtml.com
. You can subscribe on the Web at `http://www.metahtml.com/E-Mail/', or by sending mail tometahtml-users-request@metahtml.com
. Pre-compiled distribution sets for some systems are available via the <Meta-HTML> Web site at `http://www.metahtml.com'. - Generic NQS 3.50.0 released
The new version of Generic NQS brings cluster-wide dynamic scheduling, SMP support for Digital Unix, prologue/epilogue scripting, support for new platforms (HP-UX 10 and Dynix 4), ease of installation, & many bug fixes. Generic NQS is firmly established as one of the world's leading freely-available batch processing systems for Unix-like operating systems, with over 100 installations world-wide, & over 20 with the UK HE sector. Released under version 2 of the GNU General Public License, Generic NQS supports one of the widest ranges of platforms, & is the only freely-available batch processing system to make use of extra scheduling capabilities of IRIX & Digital Unix.
For more information, visit `http://www.shef.ac.uk/~nqs'.
- More Support for the Computer as Fax-Machine
Viewfax is designed for rapid interactive viewing of faxes on your X-Window screen. If you have a fax modem & use one of the freely available fax-packages such as HylaFAX or mgetty, viewfax is ideal for reading received faxes & for previewing outgoing ones. It takes less than a second for the page to appear on a modern workstation. You can step forwards & backwards through a sequence of pages & change the magnification by zooming in or out.
Viewfax can look at any g3- or g4-coded fax file, including multipage tiff/f files, so it can be part of a document archiving system: you could scan b/w documents & store them as g4-compressed tiff files; then view them later with viewfax.
- VRweb Browser
VRweb, a browser for 3D models on the Web written in the Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML), is now available under the GPL. VRweb works in conjunction with Web browsers on Unix & Windows platforms.
VRweb is a joint project of IICM (home of Hyper-G), NCSA (home of Mosaic), & the University of Minnesota (home of Gopher). The software is freely available in binary & source. VRweb 1.2 for Unix has just been released, VRweb 1.2 for Windows will follow in due course. You can download VRweb from `ftp://iicm.tu-graz.ac.at/pub/Hyper-G/VRweb/Unix' and numerous mirror sites. Further information on VRweb can be found at `http://hyperg.iicm.tu-graz.ac.at/vrweb'.
VRML is a non-proprietary, platform-independent file format for 3D graphics on the Internet. Also see `http://www.sdsc.edu/vrml/', the VRML Repository.
Astronomical Analysis Systems Freed
by Dr. Joseph Harrington, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
In the past year, three of the five most popular data reduction packages in astronomy have changed to free licensing. This is an exciting development because it signals a shift in institutional thinking toward GPL. These packages typically contain 100 MB--1 GB of code and documentation. One is commercial (and remains proprietary) and the rest were developed as projects of observatory consortia. Prior licensing ranged from free-for-non-commercial to painfully negotiated, individual paper licenses. The institutions have conquered their fears and now trust the GPL to protect their interests.
The packages involved are:
AIPS++ - (C++ rewrite of Classic AIPS, first to go GPL in 1995) National Radio Astronomy Observatory & many others, GPL, `http://aips2.nrao.edu/aips++/docs/html/aips++.html';
Classic AIPS - Astronomical Image Processing System, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, GPL (new this year), `http://www.cv.nrao.edu/aips/aips-home.html';
IDL - Interactive Data Language, Research Systems, Inc., Proprietary license, `http://www.rsinc.com/idl/index.html';
IRAF - Image Reduction and Analysis Facility, National Optical Astronomy Observatories, (runs Kitt Peak National Observatory and others), License more permissive than GPL (new this year), `http://iraf.noao.edu/'; and
MIDAS - Munich Image Data Analysis System, European Southern Observatory, GPL (new this year), `http://www.eso.org/midas-info/midas.html'.
A table comparing many (mostly free) environments potentially useful to data analysis appears at `http://lheawww.gsfc.nasa.gov/users/barrett/IDAE/table.1.html'.
The owner of the commercial package was at a conference in September & says he believes strongly in object-only licensing (he gets $1500 per user). Most people at the conference & in the field at large strongly dislike the company's attitude & the restrictions placed on this work, & much of the discussion at a workshop on interactive data analysis environments centered on how to reproduce the functionality of this package's excellent routines in a free system. This will be Difficult, but the commitment appears to be there. A number of efforts have already been started, one of which (numerical Python, `http://www.python.org/') has the support of a major lab.
Free Music Philosophy
The Free Music Philosophy (FMP) is an idea that encourages free copying, distribution, and modification of music. As with free software, the word "free" refers to freedom, not price. The philosophy is that abridging the freedom of music is destructive to society. The FMP primarily refers to noncommercial use; commercial use is addressed elsewhere.
Compulsory licenses and tariff-based schemes free musical compositions and sound recordings (the two forms of copyright in music) to a limited degree for commercial purposes. Music is further freed by not abridging any noncommercial use. The FMP advocates voluntary freeing of music (primarily for noncommercial purposes, optionally for commercial purposes), to result in a society with enhanced freedoms. The FMP serves as an ethical guide and counters music industry propaganda.
Ram Samudrala has released his first album, Twisted Helices' Traversing a Twisted Path, utilizing the FMP. It has sold 700+ copies in its first seven months. There are many bands who have self-released albums, some on major labels, that have not sold as many copies, or, more importantly, have not seen revenues from the sale of even a single copy. While Samudrala has done aggressive marketing, he attributes a significant part of his success to the FMP.
Other bands have adopted this idea, motivated by ethics and the economic benefits of the publicity provided by freeing music. A prime example is the progressive-metal band Angra, who have sold 80,000+ of their first release. Due to limited distribution of the official recordings, several bootlegs have sprung up. Singer Andre Matos believes that the bootlegs have increased sales.
Thus it can be argued that free music is good marketing. However, freeing music must be motivated by ethics. The economic rationale is justification against critics who argue that it deprives artists of income. Supporters of the FMP are not opposed to musicians making an income from music, but feel it is unethical to engage in destructive practices to do so.
Help the GNU Translation Project
GNU is going international! Our Translation Project gets users, translators, & maintainers together, so GNU will gradually speak many native languages. As of November 1996, we have internationalized 26 GNU packages into 14 languages, using 133 translation files; the translation teams have 362 members.
To complete the GNU Translation Project, we need many people who like their own language and write it well, and who are also able to synergize with other translators speaking the same language as part of "translation teams".
If you want to start a new team, or want more information on existing teams
or other aspects of this project, write
gnu-translation@prep.ai.mit.edu
. Also see section GNU Software,
for information about gettext
, the tool the GNU Translation
Project uses to help translators and programmers.
GNU & Other Free Software in Japan
Mieko (h-mieko@sra.co.jp
) and Nobuyuki Hikichi
(hikichi@sra.co.jp
) continue to volunteer for the GNU Project
in Japan. They translate each issue of this Bulletin into Japanese and
distribute it widely, along with the translation of Version 2 of the GNU
General Public License. This translation of the GPL is authorized by the
FSF and is available by anonymous FTP from ftp.sra.co.jp
in
`/pub/gnu/local-fix/GPL2-j'. They are working on a formal
translation of the GNU Library General Public License. They also solicit
donations and offer GNU software consulting.
nepoch
(the Japanese version of Epoch) & MULE are available and widely
used in Japan. MULE (the MULtilingual Enhancement of GNU Emacs) can handle
many character sets at once. Its features are being merged into the
principal version of Emacs. See section GNU Software, for more details on MULE.
The FSF does not distribute nepoch
, but MULE is available on the
section January 1997 Source Code CD-ROMs.
FTP it from sh.wide.ad.jp
in `/JAPAN/mule', or
etlport.etl.go.jp
in `/pub/mule'.
The Village Center, Inc. prints a Japanese translation (ISBN 4-938704-02-1) of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual and puts the Texinfo source on various bulletin boards, and prints each issue of the Japanese GNU's Bulletin. They also publish Nobuyuki & Mieko's Think GNU (ISBN 4-938704-10-2); this may be the first non-FSF copylefted publication in Japan. They also redistribute GNU CD-ROMs at this bookstore:
Shosen Grande 1-3-2 Kanda Jinbo-cho, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 101, Japan Telephone: 03-3295-0011
Part of Village Center's profits are donated to the FSF. Their address is:
Village Center, Inc. 3-2 Kanda Jinbo-cho, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 101, Japan Telephone: 03-3221-3520 URL: http://www.villagecenter.co.jp/ URL: http://www.villagecenter.co.jp/gnu.html for GNU products info handling by Village Center
Addison-Wesley Publishers Japan Ltd. has printed Japanese translations of the GNU Make Manual (ISBN 4-7952-9627-X), the GAWK Manual (ISBN 4-7952-9672-8), & the Texinfo Manual (ISBN 4-7952-9684-7), & will print the Japanese GNU Emacs Manual 19.30, & Bison Manual, etc. Their address is:
Addison-Wesley Publishers Japan Ltd. Nichibou Bldg. 2F 1-2-2 Sarugaku-cho, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 101, Japan Telephone: 03-3291-4581
There is a mailing list in Japan to discuss both hardware & software which
is under the GNU General Public License. It provides information about
making your own computer system. The main language of the list is
Japanese. If you are interested in getting information or having
discussions in English, ask mka@apricot.juice.or.jp
or
ishiz@muraoka.info.waseda.ac.jp
.
Many groups in Japan now distribute GNU software. They include JUG, a PC user group; ASCII, a periodical and book publisher; the Fujitsu FM Towns users group; and SRA's special GNU users' support group, Wingnut, who also purchased the first Deluxe Distribution package in Japan (also see section Help from Free Software Companies). (Since then, there have been several other purchases of Deluxe Distribution packages in Japan.)
It is easy to place an order directly with the FSF from Japan, thus funding
new software. To get an FSF Order Form written in Japanese, ask
japan-fsf-orders@prep.ai.mit.edu
.
We encourage you to buy our software CDs:
for example, 150 CD-ROM orders at the
corporate rate allow the FSF to hire a programmer for a year to write more
free software.
The Research Institute for Advanced Information Technology (AITEC) releases ICOT Free Software (IFS) to the public. IFS is a software archive in the field of parallel processing & knowledge processing developed at ICOT in the Fifth Generation Computer Project & its follow-on project. Besides IFS, AITEC has just started releasing many software programs developed at many groups through its research funding activities with release conditions similar to those of IFS. Through their web page, AITEC releases 20 major IFS programs & 22 programs developed through AITEC's research funding program.
As of the end of October 1996, over 4,600 persons have accessed AITEC's web page, & almost 29,000 IFS files have been transferred since the first release in 1992.
Newly developed software will be released to the public with conditions similar to those of IFS.
For now, the domain name will remain icot.or.jp
. For more
information, please see URL `http://www.icot.or.jp/'.
The ImageSearcher is an object-oriented program to search images by
specifying properties of the image itself, without relying on the
name or attributes of the file. It searches focusing on typical color,
average luminance, nine colors, image extent, center spectra, etc.
It runs on VisualWorks 2.5.1 (Smalltalk). As a
result of the "eMMa Project" research sponsored by IPA and SRA
(written by Atsushi Aoki), the source code and documentation are
distributed under the GPL as free software, and are
available via FTP from host
ftp.sra.co.jp
in file
`/pub/lang/smalltalk/ipa/VisualWorks2.5/IPA006.tar.gz'.
Forthcoming GNUs
Information about the current status of released GNU programs can be found in section GNU Software. Here is some news of future plans.
- e-scape E-scape is being designed as a web browser with graphical capabilities.
gss
gss
is the GNU SQL Server. We expect to be making a test release soon.- GNU C Library (For current status, see section GNU Software)
Version 2.0 of the GNU C library should be released when you read this.
GNU/Hurd
support is now fully functional. The new GNU C library will also be
the new standard system C library on GNU/Linux, `libc.so.6'. The
GNU C library is now maintained by Ulrich Drepper (who also did the
Linux/i386 port) but it would not be what it is today without the help
of Roland McGrath (former maintainer and main contributor), David
Mosberger-Tang and Richard Henderson (Linux/Alpha and 64-bit ELF
support), Andreas Schwab (Linux/m68k support), and many others.
The goal for the GNU C library is to conform to the POSIX & X/Open
standards; we are very close to that goal. The main improvements are
new floating-point printing/reading functions that are perfectly accurate
& much faster than the old code (Ulrich); an `nsswitch.conf'
mechanism for versatile name database lookup, paving the way for easy
plug-in support of protocols like NIS (Roland & Ulrich); a complete
set of internationalization features including POSIX.2-compatible
locale
&localedef
programs, & catalogs for displaying program messages in languages other than English (Ulrich again, the Proceedings to the First Conference on Freely Redistributable Software contains a paper about this work; to order a copy of the Proceedings, see the FSF Order Form, in the centerfold). The most progressive change is probably the complete thread-safeness. Functions with a non-reentrant interface now have a reentrant counterpart, others use internal locking. The whole standard I/O and `nsswitch.conf' mechanism is thread safe. Together with a separately available thread library the system now nearly 100% conforms with the POSIX threads standard. The library now builds as a shared library for systems that use the ELF object file format. Included is the run-time loader (ld.so
) which sets up the shared libraries when a program runs; it works now with the Hurd & Linux kernels, and is easy to port to other ELF systems such as SVR4 & Solaris 2. - GNU Emacs (For current status, see section GNU Software) Future versions of Emacs will: save the undo history in a file (which allows you to undo older changes in the history) and also have support for variable-width fonts, wide character sets, and the world's major languages. Our long term plan is to move it in the direction of a WYSIWYG word processor & make it easier for beginners to use.
- GNUstep (Also see "Objective-C Library" in section GNU Software)
OpenStep is an object-oriented application programming interface
specification being proposed as an open object standard. Since its
announcement over
three years ago, there has been much interest in a GNU
implementation, named GNUstep. Work has begun on GNUstep, starting with a
library written in Objective-C. Much remains to be done to bring this
library close to the OpenStep specifications. Volunteers should contact
mccallum@gnu.ai.mit.edu
. Also see `http://www.gnustep.org/'. recode
(For current status, see section GNU Software) The nextrecode
release should give more flexible control over encodings of charsets, offer MIME conversions, & handle ISO-10646 (Unicode). It will install a library & support files to help work towards internationalizing GNU.- Teak
Teak, the GNU desktop interface, is intended to enable users with minimal computer experience to browse the filesystem, launch programs, & perform file manipulations. Teak is still in the early stages of development, but here are some of the features planned for the first release: view directories sorted by name, date, size, etc, or treat the directory as a field of icons to arrange as they please within the window; drag-&-drop -- edit a file by dragging it into an editor program's window, or print a file by dropping it on a printer icon; & for easy access, you can place icons for frequently-used files or programs directly on the background of your screen.
For the second release, volunteers have offered to enhance Teak to browse FTP sites, tar files, etc. We have designed Teak around GUILE. which will simplify Teak, keep its user interface flexible, & allow easy interaction with other GNU programs. Teak's developer, Jim Blandy, also works on GUILE. Jim has put aside Teak to concentrate on GUILE; after enough progress has been made on GUILE, he will be resuming his work on Teak. Why do we call it Teak? "Because Teak makes a mighty fine desktop."
ptx
(For current status, see section GNU Software) The next release ofptx
should offer contextualized support for SGML texts as the first step towards a major overhaul for the package.- C Interpreter
We hope to add interpreter facilities to our compiler and debugger. This
task is partly finished. GCC generates byte code for all supported
languages, but that support is in flux at this time. A new effort to
finish this work has begun. To make this work usable, we need to enhance
GDB to load the byte code dynamically. We would also like support for
compiling just a few selected functions in a file. Due to limited
resources, the FSF cannot fund this. Interested volunteers should contact
gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu
. - Fortran (For info on
f2c
& GCC, see section GNU Software) The GNU Fortran (g77
) front end is stable, but more work is needed to bring its overall packaging, feature set, and performance up to the levels the Fortran community expects. Tasks to be done include: improving documentation and diagnostics; speeding up compilation, especially for large, densely initialized data tables; completing existing support forINTEGER*2
,INTEGER*8
, and similar features; allowing intrinsics inPARAMETER
statements; and providing debug information onCOMMON
andEQUIVALENCE
variables. We don't know when these things will be done, but hope some will be finished in the coming months. You can speed progress by working on them or by offering funding. A mailing list exists for announcements aboutg77
. To subscribe, askinfo-gnu-fortran-request@prep.ai.mit.edu
. To contact the developer ofg77
or get current status, write or fingerfortran@gnu.ai.mit.edu
. - Smalltalk (For current status, see section GNU Software) The next release, version 1.2, is planned to use Autoconf. It will have substantial performance improvements & memory requirement reductions, more control over memory allocation, ability to use the Smalltalk interpreter as a C callable library, better X Window System interfaces, ability to represent & manipulate C data structures in Smalltalk, conditional compilation facilities, large integer support, an advanced GUI-based class browsing system, better TCP/IP interfaces, exception support, weak references, & finalization support. It will run on Unix, DOS, & Windows NT.
- The Dictionary Project
The FSF has a copy of the unabridged Century Dictionary, now in the
public domain, and we are planning to put it online. We tried OCR, but it
wasn't reliable enough.
Russell Nelson is coordinating the project. Volunteers have entered close
to fifty pages so far, but the project needs more help; to volunteer, send
mail to
dictionary@gnu.ai.mit.edu
or contact the FSF.
Free Software Support
The Free Software Foundation does not provide technical support. Our mission is developing software, because that is the most time-efficient way to increase what free software can do. We leave it to others to earn a living providing support. We see programmers as providing a service, much as doctors and lawyers do now; both medical and legal knowledge are freely redistributable, but their practitioners charge for service.
The GNU Service Directory is a list of people who offer support & other consulting services. It is `/pub/gnu/GNUinfo/SERVICE' on a GNU FTP host (listed in section How to Get GNU Software), on the World Wide Web at URL `http://www.gnu.ai.mit.edu/prep/service.html', in the file `etc/SERVICE' in the Emacs distribution, & the file `SERVICE' in the GCC distribution. Contact us to get it or to be listed in it. Service providers who share their income with the FSF are listed in section Help from Free Software Companies.
If you find a deficiency in any GNU software, we want to know. We have
many Internet mailing lists for bug reports, announcements, & questions.
They are also gatewayed into USENET news as our gnu.*
newsgroups.
Both are listed in file
`/pub/gnu/GNUinfo/MAILINGLISTS' on a GNU FTP host (listed in section How to Get GNU Software),
in the file `etc/MAILINGLISTS' in the Emacs distribution,
at URL `http://www.gnu.ai.mit.edu/prep/mailinglists.html'
or request it from either address on
the top menu.
When we receive a bug report, we usually try to fix the problem. While our bug fixes may seem like individual assistance, they are not; they are part of preparing a new improved version that help all users. We may send you a patch for a bug so that you can help us test the fix and ensure its quality. If your bug report does not evoke a solution from us, you may still get one from another user on our bug report mailing lists. Otherwise, use the Service Directory.
Please do not ask us to help you install software or learn how to use it--but do tell us how an installation script fails or where documentation is unclear.
When choosing a service provider, ask those you are considering how much they do to assist free software development, e.g., by contributing money to free software development or by writing free software improvements themselves for general use. By basing your decision partially on this factor, you can encourage those who profit from free software to contribute to its growth.
GNU Software
All our software is available via FTP; see section How to Get GNU Software. We also offer section CD-ROMs, and printed section GNU Documentation, which includes manuals and reference cards. In the articles describing the contents of each medium, the version number listed after each program name was current when we published this Bulletin. When you order a newer CD-ROM, some of the programs may be newer and therefore the version number higher. See the see section Free Software Foundation Order Form, for ordering information.
Some of the contents of our FTP distributions are compressed. We
have software on our FTP sites to uncompress these files. Due to
patent troubles with compress
, we use another compression program,
gzip
. (Such prohibitions on software development are fought by the
League for Programming Freedom; see section What Is the LPF?, for details.)
You may need to build GNU make
before you build our other software.
Some vendors
supply no make
utility at all and some native make
programs
lack the VPATH
feature essential for using the GNU configure system
to its full extent. The GNU make
sources have a shell script to
build make
itself on such systems.
We welcome all bug reports and enhancements sent to the appropriate electronic mailing list (see section Free Software Support).
Configuring GNU Software
We are using Autoconf, a uniform scheme for configuring GNU software packages in order to compile them (see "Autoconf" and "Automake" below, in this article). The goal is to have all GNU software support the same alternatives for naming machine and system types.
Ultimately, it will be possible to configure and build the entire system all at once, eliminating the need to configure each individual package separately.
You can also specify both the host and target system to build cross-compilation tools. Most GNU programs now use Autoconf-generated configure scripts.
GNU Software Now Available
For future programs and features, see section Forthcoming GNUs.
Key to cross reference:
BinCD January 1997 Binaries CD-ROM SrcCD January 1997 Source CD-ROMs
[FSFman] shows that we sell a manual for that package. [FSFrc] shows we sell a reference card for that package. To order them, see the see section Free Software Foundation Order Form. See section GNU Documentation, for more information on the manuals. Source code for each manual or reference card is included with each package.
acm
(SrcCD)acm
is a LAN-oriented, multiplayer, aerial combat simulation that runs under the X Window System. Players engage in air to air combat against one another using heat seeking missiles and cannons. We are working on a more accurate simulation of real airplane flight characteristics.- Apache Also see `http://www.apache.org/' (SrcCD) Apache is an HTTP server designed as a successor to the NCSA family of web servers. It adds a significant amount of new functionality, has an extensive API for modular enhancements, is extremely flexible without compromising speed, and has an active development group and user community.
- Autoconf (SrcCD)
Autoconf produces shell scripts which automatically configure source code
packages. These scripts adapt the packages to many kinds of Unix-like
systems without manual user intervention. Autoconf creates a script for a
package from a template file which lists the operating system features
which the package can use, in the form of
m4
macro calls. Autoconf requires GNUm4
to operate, but the resulting configure scripts it generates do not. - Automake (SrcCD) Automake is a tool for generating `Makefile.in's for use with Autoconf. The generated makefiles are compliant with GNU Makefile standards.
- BASH (SrcCD)
GNU's shell, BASH (Bourne Again SHell), is compatible with the
Unix
sh
and offers many extensions found incsh
andksh
. BASH has job control,csh
-style command history, command-line editing (with Emacs andvi
modes built-in), and the ability to rebind keys via thereadline
library. BASH conforms to the POSIX 1003.2-1992 standard. bc
(SrcCD)bc
is an interactive algebraic language with arbitrary precision numbers. GNUbc
follows the POSIX 1003.2-1992 standard with several extensions, including multi-character variable names, anelse
statement, and full Boolean expressions. The RPN calculatordc
is now distributed as part of the same package, but GNUbc
is not implemented as adc
preprocessor.- BFD (BinCD, SrcCD)
The Binary File Descriptor library allows a program which operates on object files (e.g.,
ld
or GDB) to support many different formats in a clean way. BFD provides a portable interface, so that only BFD needs to know the details of a particular format. One result is that all programs using BFD will support formats such as a.out, COFF, and ELF. BFD comes with Texinfo source for a manual (not yet published on paper).At present, BFD is not distributed separately; it is included with packages that use it.
- Binutils (BinCD, SrcCD)
Binutils includes these programs:
ar
,c++filt
,demangle
,gas
,gprof
,ld
,nlmconv
,nm
,objcopy
,objdump
,ranlib
,size
,strings
, &strip
. Binutils version 2 uses the BFD library. The GNU assembler,gas
, supports the a29k, Alpha, H8/300, H8/500, HP-PA, i386, i960, m68k, m88k, MIPS, NS32K, SH, SPARC, Tahoe, Vax, and Z8000 CPUs, and attempts to be compatible with many other assemblers for Unix and embedded systems. It can produce mixed C and assembly listings, and includes a macro facility similar to that in some other assemblers. GNU's linker,ld
, emits source-line numbered error messages for multiply-defined symbols and undefined references, and interprets a superset of AT&T's Linker Command Language, which gives control over where segments are placed in memory.nlmconv
converts object files into Novell NetWare Loadable Modules.objdump
can disassemble code for most of the CPUs listed above, and can display other data (e.g., symbols and relocations) from any file format read by BFD. - Bison See section GNU Documentation (BinCD, SrcCD) [FSFman, FSFrc]
Bison is an upwardly compatible replacement for the parser generator
yacc
. Texinfo source for the Bison Manual and reference card are included. - C Library See section Forthcoming GNUs (BinCD, SrcCD) [FSFman]
The GNU C library supports ISO C-1989, ISO C/amendment 1-1995, POSIX
1003.1-1990, POSIX 1003.1b-1993, POSIX 1003.1c-1995 (when the underlying
system permits), & most of the functions in POSIX 1003.2-1992.
It is nearly compliant with the extended XPG4.2 specification which
guarantees upward compatibility with 4.4BSD & many System V functions.
When used with the GNU Hurd, the C Library performs many functions of the
Unix system calls directly. Mike Haertel has written a fast
malloc
which wastes less memory than the old GNU version. GNUstdio
lets you define new kinds of streams, just by writing a few C functions. Two methods for handling translated messages help writing internationalized programs & the user can adopt the environment the program runs in to conform with local conventions. Extendedgetopt
functions are already used to parse options, including long options, in many GNU utilities. The name lookup functions now are modularized which makes it easier to select the service which is needed for the specific database & the document interface makes it easy to add new services. Texinfo source for the GNU C Library Reference Manual is included (see section GNU Documentation). Previous versions of the GNU C library ran on a large number of systems. The architecture-dependent parts of the C library have not been updated since development on version 2.0 started, so today it runs out of the box only on GNU/Hurd (all platforms GNU/Hurd also runs on) & GNU/Linux (ix86, Alpha, m68k, work is in progress for MIPS & Sparc). Other architectures will become available again as soon as somebody does the port. - C++ Library (BinCD, SrcCD)
The GNU C++ library (libg++) contains an extensive collection of container and utility classes, including Obstacks, multiple-precision Integers and Rationals, Complex numbers, BitSets, and BitStrings.
The distribution also includes the libstdc++ library. This implements library facilities defined by the forthcoming ANSI/ISO C++ standard, including strings, the iostream library, and a port of the Standard Template Library.
- Calc (SrcCD) [FSFman, FSFrc]
Calc (written by Dave Gillespie in Emacs Lisp) is an extensible, advanced
desk calculator & mathematical tool that runs as part of GNU Emacs. You
can use Calc as a simple four-function calculator, but it has many
more features including: choice of algebraic or RPN (stack-based) entry;
logarithmic, trigonometric, & financial functions; arbitrary precision;
complex numbers; vectors; matrices; dates; times; infinities; sets;
algebraic simplification; & differentiation & integration. It outputs to
gnuplot
, & comes with source for a manual & reference card (see section GNU Documentation). cfengine
(SrcCD)cfengine
is used to maintain site-wide configuration of a heterogeneous Unix network using a simple high level language. Its appearance is similar tordist
, but allows many more operations to be performed automatically. See Mark Burgess, "A Site Configuration Engine", Computing Systems, Vol. 8, No. 3 (askoffice@usenix.org
how to get a copy).- Chess (SrcCD)
GNU Chess lets most modern computers play a full game of chess. It has a plain terminal interface, a curses interface, & the unique X Windows interface
xboard
. Best results are obtained using GNU C to compile GNU Chess.Recent improvements include "configure"-capability, correct thinking on opponent's time, makefile for Windows NT, full Windows 95/NT compatibility, parallel Unix & Windows 95/NT versions, major crash bug fix & various other minor improvements & bug fixes.
Stuart Cracraft founded GNU Chess & is the project lead for the 10+ year history of GNU Chess. Acknowledgements for this past year's work include Chua Kong Sian, National Supercomputing Research Center, Singapore; & Conor McCarthy, Biomolecular/Biomed Science at Griffith University, Australia.
Send bugs to
bug-gnu-chess@prep.ai.mit.edu
& general comments toinfo-gnu-chess@prep.ai.mit.edu
. Visit the author's website at `http://www.win.net/~msm/index.html'. Play GNU Chess on the web at `http://www.delorie.com/game-room/chess'. - CLISP (SrcCD) CLISP is a Common Lisp implementation by Bruno Haible & Michael Stoll. It mostly supports the Lisp described by Common LISP: The Language (2nd edition) & the ANSI Common Lisp standard. CLISP includes an interpreter, a byte-compiler, a large subset of CLOS & a foreign language interface. The user interface language (English, German, French) can be chosen at run time. An X11 API is available through CLX & Garnet. CLISP needs only 2 MB of memory & runs on many microcomputers (including MS-DOS systems, OS/2, Windows NT, Windows 95, Amiga 500--4000, & Acorn RISC PC) & all kinds of Unix systems.
- Common Lisp Also see section GNUs Flashes (SrcCD)
GNU Common Lisp (GCL, formerly known as Kyoto Common Lisp) is a compiler & interpreter for Common Lisp. GCL is very portable & extremely efficient on a wide class of applications, & compares favorably in performance with commercial Lisps on several large theorem--prover & symbolic algebra systems. GCL supports the CLtL1 specification but is moving towards the proposed ANSI standard.
GCL compiles to C & then uses the native optimizing C compiler (e.g., GCC). A function with a fixed number of args & one value turns into a C function of the same number of args, returning one value--so GCL is maximally efficient on such calls. Its conservative garbage collector gives great freedom to the C compiler to put Lisp values in registers. It has a source level Lisp debugger for interpreted code & displays source code in an Emacs window. Its profiler (based on the C profiling tools) counts function calls & the time spent in each function.
There is now a built-in interface to the Tk widget system. It runs in a separate process, so users may monitor progress on Lisp computations or interact with running computations via a windowing interface.
There is also an Xlib interface via C (xgcl-2). CLX runs with GCL, as does PCL (see "PCL" later in this article).
GCL version 2.2.1 is released under the GNU Library General Public License.
- CLX (SrcCD) CLX is an X Window interface library for GCL. This is separate from the built-in TK interface.
cpio
(SrcCD)cpio
is an archive program with all the features of SVR4cpio
, including support for the final POSIX 1003.1 ustar standard.mt
, a program to position magnetic tapes, is included withcpio
.- CVS (SrcCD)
CVS is a version control system (like RCS or SCCS) which allows you to
keep old versions of files (usually source code), keep a log of who,
when, and why changes occurred, etc. It handles multiple developers,
multiple directories, triggers to enable/log/control various operations,
and can work over a wide area network. It does not handle build
management or bug-tracking; these are handled by
make
and GNATS, respectively. - DejaGnu (SrcCD)
DejaGnu is a framework to test programs with a single front end for all tests. DejaGnu's flexibility & consistency makes it easy to write tests. DejaGnu will also work with remote hosts and embedded systems.
DejaGnu comes with
expect
, which runs scripts to conduct dialogs with programs. - Diffutils (SrcCD)
GNU
diff
compares files showing line-by-line changes in several flexible formats. It is much faster than traditional Unix versions. The Diffutils package hasdiff
,diff3
,sdiff
, &cmp
. Future plans include support for internationalization (e.g., error messages in Chinese) & some non-Unix PC environments, & a library interface that can be used by other free software. - DJGPP Also see "GCC" in this article (BinCD)
DJ Delorie has ported GCC/G++ to i386s running DOS. DJGPP has a 32-bit i386 DOS extender with a symbolic debugger, development libraries, & ports of Bison,
flex
, & Binutils. Full source code is provided. It needs at least 5MB of hard disk space to install & 512K of RAM to use. It supports SVGA (up to 1024x768), XMS & VDISK memory allocation,himem.sys
, VCPI (e.g., QEMM, DESQview, & 386MAX), & DPMI (e.g., Windows 3.x, OS/2, QEMM, & QDPMI). Version 2 was released in Feb. 1996, & needs a DPMI environment; a free DPMI server is included.FTP from
ftp.simtel.net
in `/pub/simtelnet/gnu/djgpp/' (or a SimTel mirror site).Ask
listserv@delorie.com
, to join a DJGPP users mailing list. dld
(SrcCD)dld
is a dynamic linker written by W. Wilson Ho. Linking your program with thedld
library allows you to dynamically load object files into the running binary.dld
supports a.out object types on the following platforms: Convex C-Series (BSD), i386/i486/Pentium (GNU/Linux), Sequent Symmetry i386 (Dynix 3), Sun-3 (SunOS 3 & 4), Sun-4 (SunOS 4), & VAX (Ultrix).doschk
(SrcCD) This program is a utility to help software developers ensure that their source file names are distinguishable on System V platforms with 14-character filenames and on MS-DOS systems with 8+3 character filenames.ed
(SrcCD)ed
is the standard text editor. It is line-oriented and can be used interactively or in scripts.- Elib (SrcCD) Elib is a small library of Emacs Lisp functions, including routines for using AVL trees and doubly-linked lists.
- Elisp archive (SrcCD)
This is a snapshot of Ohio State's GNU Emacs Lisp FTP Archive. FTP it from
archive.cis.ohio-state.edu
in `/pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive'. - Emacs Also see section Forthcoming GNUs [FSFman(s), FSFrc] In 1975, Richard Stallman developed the first Emacs, an extensible, customizable real-time display editor & computing environment. GNU Emacs is his second implementation. It offers true Lisp--smoothly integrated into the editor--for writing extensions & provides an interface to the X Window System. It runs on Unix, MS-DOS, & Windows NT or 95. In addition to its powerful native command set, Emacs can emulate the editors vi & EDT (DEC's VMS editor). Emacs has many other features which make it a full computing support environment. Source for the GNU Emacs Manual & a reference card comes with the software. Sources for the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual, & Programming in Emacs Lisp: An Introduction are distributed in separate packages. See section GNU Documentation.
- Emacs 19 (SrcCD) [FSFman(s), FSFrc] Emacs 19 works with character-only terminals & with the X Window System (with or without an X toolkit). Features new to Emacs 19 include: multiple X windows ("frames" to Emacs), with a separate X window for the minibuffer or a minibuffer attached to each X window; use of the X toolkit; interfacing with the X resource manager; property lists associated with regions of text in a buffer; multiple fonts & colors defined by those properties; simplified/improved processing of function keys, mouse movement & clicks; X selection processing, including clipboard selections; hooks to be run if the point or mouse moves outside a certain range; menu bars & popup menus defined by keymaps; scrollbars; before- & after-change hooks; a source-level debugger for Emacs Lisp programs; floating point numbers; improved buffer allocation, including returning storage to the system when a buffer is killed; many updated libraries; Autoconf-based configuration; support for version control systems (CVS, RCS, & SCCS); & European character sets. Features added recently to Emacs 19 include the ability to open frames on more than one X display from a single Emacs job, operation under MS-DOS, MS Windows, and Windows NT, displaying multiple views of an outline at the same time, Lisp-level timers for real time and idle time, version control support for CVS and for multiple branches, text properties for formatting text, commands to edit text properties and save them in files, and GNU-standard long-named command line options. Also see section Forthcoming GNUs. Emacs 19 works on: Acorn RISC (RISCiX); Alliant FX/2800 (BSD); Alpha (OSF/1 or GNU/Linux); Apollo (DomainOS); Bull DPX/2 2nn & 3nn (SysV.3) & sps7 (SysV.2); Clipper; Convex (BSD); Cubix QBx (SysV); Data General Aviion (DGUX); DEC MIPS (Ultrix 4.2, OSF/1, not VMS); Elxsi 6400 (SysV); Gould Power Node & NP1 (4.2 & 4.3BSD); Harris Night Hawk 1200, 3000, 4000 & 5000 (cxux); Harris Night Hawk Power PC (powerunix); Honeywell XPS100 (SysV); HP 9000 series 200, 300, 700, 800 (but not 500) (4.3BSD; HP-UX 7, 8, 9; NextStep); Intel i386/i486/Pentium (GNU/Hurd, GNU/Linux, 386BSD, AIX, BSDI/386, FreeBSD, Esix, ISC, MS-DOS, NetBSD, SCO3.2v4, Solaris, SysV, Xenix, WindowsNT, Windows95); IBM RS/6000 (AIX 3.2) & RT/PC (AIX, BSD); Motorola Delta 147 & 187 (SysV.3, SysV.4, m88kbcs); National Semiconductor 32K (Genix); NeXT (BSD, Mach 2 w/ NeXTStep 3.0); Paragon (OSF/1); Prime EXL (SysV); Pyramid (BSD); Sequent Symmetry (BSD, ptx); Siemens RM400 & RM600 (SysV); SGI Iris 4D (Irix 4.x & 5.x); Sony News/RISC (NewsOS); Stardent i860 (SysV); Sun 3 & 4, SPARC 1, 1+, 2, 10, Classic (SunOS 4.0, 4.1, Solaris 2.0--2.3); Tadpole 68k (SysV); Tektronix XD88 (SysV.3) & 4300 (BSD); & Titan P2 & P3 (SysV).
- Emacs 18 (SrcCD) [FSFrc] Emacs 18 is several years old. We no longer maintain it, but still distribute it for those using platforms which Emacs 19 does not support: Alliant FX/80, Altos 3068, Amdahl (UTS), AT&T (3Bs & 7300 PC), CCI 5/32 & 6/32, Celerity, DEC (VAX VMS), Dual, Encore (APC, DPC, & XPC), HLH Orion (original & 1/05), ISI (Optimum V, 80386), Masscomp, NCR Tower 32 (SVR2 & SVR3), Nixdorf Targon 31, Nu (TI & LMI), pfa50, Plexus, Prime EXL, Stride (system rel. 2), Tahoe, Tandem Integrity S2, Tektronix 16000, Triton 88, Ustation E30 (SS5E), Whitechapel (MG1), & Wicat.
es
(SrcCD)es
is an extensible shell (based onrc
) with first-class functions, lexical scope, exceptions, and rich return values (i.e., functions can return values other than just numbers).es
's extensibility comes from the ability to modify and extend the shell's built-in services, such as path searching and redirection. Likerc
, it is great for both interactive use and scripting, particularly since its quoting rules are much less baroque than the C and Bourne shells.enscript
(SrcCD)enscript
is an upwardly-compatible replacement for the Adobeenscript
program. It formats ASCII files (outputting in Postscript) and stores generated output to a file or sends it directly to the printer.- Exim (SrcCD) Exim is a new Internet mail transfer agent, similar in style to Smail 3. It can handle relatively high volume mail systems, header rewriting, control over which hosts/nets may use it as a relay, blocking of unwanted mail from specified hosts/nets/senders, and multiple local domains on one mail host ("virtual domains") with several options for the way these are handled.
f2c
Also see "Fortran" below & in section Forthcoming GNUs (SrcCD)f2c
converts Fortran-77 source into C or C++, which can be compiled with GCC or G++. Get bug fixes by FTP from sitenetlib.bell-labs.com
or by email fromnetlib@netlib.bell-labs.com
. For a summary, see the file `/netlib/f2c/readme.Z'.ffcall
(SrcCD)ffcall
is a C library for implementing foreign function calls in embedded interpreters by Bill Triggs and Bruno Haible. It allows C functions with arbitrary argument lists and return types to be called or emulated (callbacks).- Fileutils (SrcCD)
The Fileutils are:
chgrp
,chmod
,chown
,cp
,dd
,df
,dir
,dircolors
,du
,install
,ln
,ls
,mkdir
,mkfifo
,mknod
,mv
,rm
,rmdir
,sync
,touch
, &vdir
. - Findutils (SrcCD)
find
is frequently used both interactively and in shell scripts to find files which match certain criteria and perform arbitrary operations on them. Also included arelocate
, which scans a database for file names that match a pattern, andxargs
, which applies a command to a list of files. - Finger (SrcCD) GNU Finger has more features than other finger programs. For sites with many hosts, a single host may be designated as the finger server host and other hosts at that site configured as finger clients. The server host collects information about who is logged in on the clients. To finger a user at a GNU Finger site, a query to any of its client hosts gets useful information. GNU Finger supports many customization features, including user output filters and site-programmable output for special target names.
flex
(BinCD, SrcCD) [FSFman, FSFrc]flex
is a replacement for thelex
scanner generator.flex
was written by Vern Paxson of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and generates far more efficient scanners thanlex
does. Sources for the Flex Manual and reference card are included (see section GNU Documentation).- Fortran (
g77
) Also see section Forthcoming GNUs (SrcCD) GNU Fortran (g77
), developed by Craig Burley, is available for public beta testing on the Internet. For now,g77
produces code that is mostly object-compatible withf2c
& uses the same run-time library (libf2c
). - Fontutils (SrcCD)
The Fontutils
convert between font formats,
create fonts for use with Ghostscript or TeX (starting with a scanned
type image & converting the bitmaps to outlines), etc. It includes:
bpltobzr
,bzrto
,charspace
,fontconvert
,gsrenderfont
,imageto
,imgrotate
,limn
, &xbfe
. - GAWK (SrcCD) [FSFman]
GAWK is upwardly compatible with the latest POSIX specification of
awk
. It also provides several useful extensions not found in otherawk
implementations. Texinfo source for the The GNU Awk User's Guide comes with the software (see section GNU Documentation). gcal
(SrcCD)gcal
is a program for printing calendars. It displays different styled calendar sheets, eternal holiday lists, and fixed date warning lists.- GCC Also see section GNUs Flashes (BinCD, SrcCD) [FSFman]
Version 2 of the GNU C Compiler supports the languages C, C++, and Objective-C; the source file name suffix or a compiler option selects the language. (Also see "GNAT" later in this article for Ada language supports.) Objective-C support was donated by NeXT. The runtime support needed to run Objective-C programs is now distributed with GCC (this does not include any Objective-C classes aside from
object
, but see "GNUstep" in section Forthcoming GNUs). As much as possible, G++ is kept compatible with the evolving draft ANSI standard, but not withcfront
(AT&T's compiler), which has been diverging from ANSI.GCC is a fairly portable optimizing compiler which performs many optimizations. They include: automatic register allocation, common sub-expression elimination (CSE) (including a certain amount of CSE between basic blocks -- though not all the supported machine descriptions provide for scheduling or delay slots), invariant code motion from loops, induction variable optimizations, constant propagation, copy propagation, delayed popping of function call arguments, tail recursion elimination, integration of inline functions & frame pointer elimination, instruction scheduling, loop unrolling, filling of delay slots, leaf function optimization, optimized multiplication by constants, the ability to assign attributes to instructions, & many local optimizations automatically deduced from the machine description. GCC can open-code most arithmetic on 64-bit values (type
long long int
). It supports extended floating point (typelong double
) on the 68k; other machines will follow. GCC supports full ANSI C, traditional C, & GNU C extensions (including: nested functions support, nonlocal gotos, & taking the address of a label).GCC can generate a.out, COFF, ELF, & OSF-Rose files when used with a suitable assembler. It can produce debugging information in these formats: BSD stabs, COFF, ECOFF, ECOFF with stabs, & DWARF.
GCC generates code for many CPUs, including the a29k, Alpha, ARM, AT&T, DSP1610, Clipper, Convex cN, Elxsi, Fujitsu Gmicro, i370, i860, i960, MIL-STD-1750a, MIPS, ns32k, PDP-11, Pyramid, ROMP, RS/6000, SH, SPUR, Tahoe, VAX, & we32k.
Position-independent code is generated for the Clipper, Hitachi H8/300, HP--PA (1.0 & 1.1), i386/i486/Pentium, m68k, m88k, SPARC, & SPARClite.
Operating systems supported include: GNU/Hurd, GNU/Linux, ACIS, AIX, AOS, BSD, Clix, Concentrix, Ctix, DG/UX, Dynix, FreeBSD, Genix, HP-UX, Irix, ISC, Luna, LynxOS, Minix, NetBSD, NewsOS, NeXTStep, OS/2, OSF, OSF-Rose, RISCOS, SCO, Solaris 2, SunOS 4, System/370, SysV, Ultrix, Unos, VMS, & Windows/NT.
Using the configuration scheme for GCC, building a cross-compiler is as easy as building a native compiler.
Version 1 of GCC, G++, & libg++ are no longer maintained.
Texinfo source for the Using and Porting GNU CC manual is included with GCC (see section GNU Documentation).
- GDB (BinCD, SrcCD) [FSFman, FSFrc]
GDB, the GNU DeBugger, is a source-level debugger for C, C++, & Fortran. It provides partial support for Modula-2 & Chill.
GDB can debug both C & C++, & will work with executables made by many different compilers; but, C++ debugging will have some limitations if you do not use GCC. GDB has a command line user interface, and Emacs has GDB mode as an interface. Two X interfaces (not distributed or maintained by the FSF) are:
gdbtk
(FTP it fromftp.cygnus.com
in directory `/pub/gdb'); andxxgdb
(FTP it fromftp.x.org
in directory `/contrib/utilities'). Executable files and symbol tables are read via the BFD library, which allows a single copy of GDB to debug programs with multiple object file formats (e.g., a.out, COFF, ELF). Other features include a rich command language, remote debugging over serial lines or TCP/IP, and watchpoints (breakpoints triggered when the value of an expression changes). GDB uses a standard remote interface to a simulator library which (so far) has simulators for the ARM, Hitachi H8/300, Hitachi H8/500, Hitachi Super-H, PowerPC, WDC 65816, & Zilog Z8001/2. GDB can perform cross-debugging. To say that GDB targets a platform means it can perform native or cross-debugging for it. To say that GDB can host a given platform means that it can be built on it, but cannot necessarily debug native programs.GDB can:
- target & host: Amiga 3000 (Amix, NetBSD), DEC Alpha (OSF/1), DECstation 3100 & 5000 (Ultrix), HP 9000/300 (BSD, HP-UX), HP 9000/700 (HP-UX 9, 10), i386/i486/Pentium (GNU/Hurd, GNU/Linux, BSD, FreeBSD, LynxOS, NetBSD, SCO, Windows NT), IBM RS/6000 (AIX 3.x, AIX 4.x, LynxOS), Motorola Delta m88k (System V, CX/UX), PC532 (NetBSD), Motorola m68k MVME-167 (LynxOS), NCR 3000 (SVR4), PowerPC (AIX 4.x, MacOS, Windows NT), SGI (Irix V3, V4, V5), SONY News (NewsOS 3.x), SPARC (LynxOS, NetBSD, Solaris 2.x, & SunOS 4.1 ) Sun-3 (SunOS 4.1), & Ultracomputer (a29k running Sym1).
- target, but not host: AMD 29000 (COFF & a.out), ARM (RDP), Hitachi H8/300, Hitachi SH (CMON, SH3, E7000), HP PA Pro (Winbond, Oki), i386 (a.out, COFF, OS/9000), i960 (MON960, Nindy, VxWorks), m68k/m68332 (a.out, COFF, CPU32BUG, EST, ROM68K, VxWorks), MIPS (ELF, IDT ecoff, PMON, VxWorks), PowerPC (PPCBug), Matra Sparclet, Fujitsu SPARClite (a.out, COFF), WDC 65816, & Z8000.
- host, but not target: IBM RT/PC (AIX), HP/Apollo 68k (BSD), & m68k Apple Macintosh (MacOS).
gdbm
(SrcCD)gdbm
is the GNU replacement for the traditionaldbm
andndbm
libraries. It implements a database using quick lookup by hashing.gdbm
does not ordinarily make sparse files (unlike its Unix and BSD counterparts).gettext
Also see section Help the GNU Translation Project (SrcCD) The GNUgettext
tool set has everything maintainers need to internationalize a package's user messages. Once a package has been internationalized,gettext
's many tools help translators localize messages to their native language and automate handling the translation files.- Generic NQS (SrcCD) Generic NQS is a network queuing system for spreading batch jobs across a network of machines. It is designed to be simple to install on a heterogeneous network of machines, and has optimizations for running on the high end, symmetric multiprocessing servers that are currently on the market. It is available for many more Unix variants than any other comparable product, and inter-operates with other NQS systems, including Cray's NQE.
geomview
See `http://www.geom.umn.edu/software/geomview' (SrcCD)geomview
is an interactive geometry viewing program, for Unix systems with Motif, using X, GL, or OpenGL graphics. It allows multiple independently controllable objects and cameras.geomview
provides interactive control for motion, appearances (including lighting, shading, and materials), picking on an object, edge or vertex level, and snapshots in PPM or SGI image files, Postscript, and Renderman RIB format.geomview
can be controlled through direct mouse manipulation, control panels, and keyboard shortcuts. External programs can also drive desired aspects of the viewer (such as continually loading changing geometry or controlling the motion of certain objects) while allowing interactive control of everything else.gforth
(SrcCD)gforth
is a fast, portable implementation of the ANS Forth language.- Ghostscript (SrcCD)
Ghostscript is an interpreter for the Postscript and PDF graphics languages.
The current version of GNU Ghostscript, 3.33, includes nearly a full Postscript Level 2 interpreter and a PDF 1.0 interpreter. Significant new features include: support for anti-aliased characters; the ability to scan a directory and register all the fonts in it; support for Type 0 (Japanese / Chinese / Korean) fonts; and the ability to compile all the external initialization files into the executable. This version can also run as a 32-bit MS Windows application. Thanks to the generosity of URW++ (Hamburg, Germany), the low-quality bitmap-derived fonts distributed with older versions have been replaced with commercial-quality, hinted outline fonts. Ghostscript executes commands in the Postscript language by writing directly to a printer, drawing on an X window, or writing to files for printing later or manipulating with other graphics programs.
Ghostscript includes a C-callable graphics library (for client programs that do not want to deal with the Postscript language). It also supports i386/i486/Pentiums running DOS with EGA, VGA or SuperVGA graphics (but please do not ask the FSF staff any questions about this; we do not use DOS).
- Ghostview (SrcCD)
Tim Theisen,
ghostview@cs.wisc.edu
, created Ghostview, a previewer for multi-page files with an X Window interface. Ghostview & Ghostscript work together; Ghostview creates a viewing window & Ghostscript draws in it. - GIT (SrcCD) The GNU Interactive Tools package includes: an extensible file system browser, an ASCII/hex file viewer, a process viewer/killer, & other related utilities & shell scripts. It can be used to increase the speed & efficiency of many daily tasks, such as copying & moving files & directories, invoking editors, compressing/uncompressing files, creating & expanding archives, compiling programs, sending mail, etc. It looks nice, has colors (if the standard ANSI color sequences are supported), & is user-friendly.
gmp
(SrcCD)GNU
mp
is a library for arithmetic on arbitrary precision integers, rational numbers, and floating-point numbers. It has a rich set of functions with a regular interface.A major new release, version 2, came out in Spring '96. Compared to previous versions, it is much faster, contains lots of new functions, & has support for arbitrary precision floating-point numbers.
- Gnans (SrcCD) Gnans is a program (and language) for the numerical study of deterministic and stochastic dynamical systems. The dynamical systems may evolve in continuous or discrete time. Gnans has graphical & command line interfaces.
- GNAT: The GNU Ada Translator (SrcCD)
GNAT, a front end for the entire Ada 95 language, including all special needs
annexes, is available via anonymous FTP from
cs.nyu.edu
and various mirror sites in `/pub/gnat'. SGI, DEC, and Siemens Nixdorf have chosen GNU Ada 95 as the Ada compiler for their systems. GNAT is maintained by Ada Core Technologies. For more information, see `http://www.gnat.com'. - GNATS (SrcCD) GNATS, GNats: A Tracking System, is a bug-tracking system. It is based upon the paradigm of a central site or organization which receives problem reports and negotiates their resolution by electronic mail. Although it has been used primarily as a software bug-tracking system so far, it is sufficiently generalized that it could be used for handling system administration issues, project management, or any number of other applications.
- GNUMATH (
gnussl
) (SrcCD) GNUMATH is a library (gnussl
) that simplifies scientific programming in C & C++. Its focus is on problems that can be solved by a straight-forward application of numerical linear algebra. It also handles plotting. It is in beta release; it is expected to grow more versatile & offer a wider scope in time. gnuplot
(SrcCD)gnuplot
is an interactive program for plotting mathematical expressions and data. It plots both curves (2 dimensions) & surfaces (3 dimensions). It was neither written nor named for the GNU Project; the name is a coincidence. Various GNU programs usegnuplot
.gnuserv
(SrcCD)gnuserv
is an enhanced version of Emacs'emacsclient
program. It lets the user direct a running Emacs to edit files or evaluate arbitrary Emacs Lisp constructs from another process.- GnuGo (SrcCD) GnuGo plays the game of Go. It is not yet very sophisticated.
gperf
(SrcCD)gperf
generates perfect hash tables. The C version is in package cperf. The C++ version is in libg++. Both produce hash functions in either C or C++.- Graphics (SrcCD)
GNU Graphics produces x-y plots from ASCII or binary
data. It outputs in Postscript, Tektronix 4010 compatible, and Unix
device-independent "plot" formats. It has a previewer for the X Window
System. Features include a
spline
interpolation program; examples of shell scripts usinggraph
andplot
; a statistics toolkit; and output in TekniCAD TDA and ln03 file formats. Email bugs or queries to Rich Murphey,Rich@lamprey.utmb.edu
. - grep (SrcCD)
This package has GNU
grep
,egrep
, andfgrep
, which find lines that match entered patterns. They are much faster than the traditional Unix versions. - Groff (SrcCD)
Groff is a document formatting system based on a device-independent version
of
troff
, & includes:eqn
,nroff
,pic
,refer
,tbl
,troff
; theman
,ms
, &mm
macros; & drivers for Postscript, TeXdvi
format, the LaserJet 4 series of printers, and typewriter-like devices. Groff'smm
macro package is almost compatible with the DWBmm
macros with several extensions. Also included is a modified version of the Berkeleyme
macros and an enhanced version of the X11xditview
previewer. Written in C++, these programs can be compiled with GNU C++ Version 2.7.2 or later. Groff users are encouraged to contribute enhancements. Most needed are complete Texinfo documentation, agrap
emulation (apic
preprocessor for typesetting graphs), a page-makeup postprocessor similar topm
(see Computing Systems, Vol. 2, No. 2; askoffice@usenix.org
how to get a copy), and an ASCII output class forpic
to integratepic
with Texinfo. Questions and bug reports from users who have read the documentation provided with Groff can be sent tobug-groff@prep.ai.mit.edu
. gzip
(SrcCD)gzip
can expand LZW-compressed files but uses another, unpatented algorithm for compression which generally produces better results. It also expands files compressed with System V'spack
program.hello
(SrcCD) The GNUhello
program produces a familiar, friendly greeting. It allows non-programmers to use a classic computer science tool which would otherwise be unavailable to them. Because it is protected by the GNU General Public License, users are free to share and change it.hello
is also a good example of a program that meets the GNU coding standards. Like any truly useful program,hello
contains a built-in mail reader.hp2xx
(SrcCD) GNUhp2xx
reads HP-GL files, decomposes all drawing commands into elementary vectors, and converts them into a variety of vector and raster output formats. It is also an HP-GL previewer. Currently supported vector formats include encapsulated Postscript, Uniplex RGIP, Metafont, various special TeX-related formats, and simplified HP-GL (line drawing only) for imports. Raster formats supported include IMG, PBM, PCX, & HP-PCL (including Deskjet & DJ5xxC support). Previewers work under X11 (Unix), OS/2 (PM & full screen), & MS-DOS (SVGA, VGA, & HGC).- HylaFAX Also see `http://www.vix.com/hylafax/' (SrcCD) HylaFAX (once named FlexFAX) is a facsimile system for Unix systems. It supports sending, receiving, & polled retrieval of facsimile, as well as transparent shared data use of the modem.
- Hyperbole (SrcCD) Hyperbole, written by Bob Weiner in Emacs Lisp, is an open, efficient, programmable information management, autonumbered outliner, & hypertext system, intended for everyday work on any platform Emacs runs on.
- ID Utils (SrcCD) ID Utils is a package of simple, fast, high-capacity, language-independent tools that index program identifiers, literal numbers, or words of human-readable text. Queries can be issued from the command-line, or from within Emacs, serving as an augmented tags facility.
indent
(SrcCD)GNU
indent
formats C source code into the GNU, BSD, K&R, or your own special indentation style. GNUindent
is more robust & provides more functionality than other such programs, including handling C++ comments. It runs on Unix, DOS, VMS and ATARI systems.The next version will also format C++ source code. A Java version may be considered in the future.
- Inetutils (SrcCD)
Inetutils has common networking utilities & servers.
This release is mainly support the GNU Hurd, which is source compatible with BSD in many ways, & will probably only work on systems that are similarly compatible.
- Ispell (SrcCD) Ispell is an interactive spell checker that suggests "near misses" to replace unrecognized words. System & user-maintained dictionaries for multiple languages can be used. Standalone & Emacs interfaces are available.
- JACAL Not available from the FSF except by FTP
JACAL is a symbolic mathematics system for the manipulation & simplification of algebraic equations & expressions. It is written in Scheme using the SLIB portable Scheme Library. JACAL comes with SCM, an IEEE P1178 & R4RS compliant Scheme implementation written in C. SCM runs on Amiga, Atari-ST, MacOS, MS-DOS, OS/2, NOS/VE, Unicos, VMS, Unix, & similar systems.
The FSF is not distributing JACAL on any physical media. You can FTP it or get it from the Web site below. Documentation is at `http://www-swiss.ai.mit.edu/~jaffer/JACAL.html'.
- Karma (SrcCD) Karma is a signal and image processing library and visualization toolkit that provides interprocess communications, authentication, graphics display, and user interface to and manipulation of the Karma network data structure. Several foreign data formats are also supported. Karma comes packaged with a number of generic visualization tools and some astronomy-specific tools.
less
(SrcCD)less
is a display paginator similar tomore
andpg
, but with various features (such as the ability to scroll backwards) that most pagers lack.- Lynx Also see `http://lynx.browser.org' (SrcCD) Lynx is a text-only World Wide Web browser for those running character-only ("cursor-addressable") terminals or terminal emulators.
m4
(SrcCD) GNUm4
is an implementation of the traditional Unix macro processor. It is mostly SVR4 compatible, although it has some extensions (e.g., handling more than 9 positional parameters to macros).m4
also has built-in functions for including files, running shell commands, doing arithmetic, etc.make
(BinCD, SrcCD) [FSFman] GNUmake
supports POSIX 1003.2 and has all but a few obscure features of the BSD and System V versions ofmake
, and runs on MS-DOS, AmigaDOS, VMS, & Windows NT or 95, as well as all Unix-compatible systems. GNU extensions include long options, parallel compilation, flexible implicit pattern rules, conditional execution, & powerful text manipulation functions. Source for the Make Manual comes with the program (see section GNU Documentation).- MandelSpawn (SrcCD) A parallel Mandelbrot generation program for the X Window System.
- Maxima (SrcCD) Maxima is a Common Lisp implementation of MIT's Macsyma system for computer based algebra.
- Meta-HTML (SrcCD) <Meta-HTML> is a programming language specifically designed for working within the World Wide Web environment. Although it is a genuine programming language, suitable for large-scale symbolic manipulation, it provides the most commonly wanted Web functionality as built-in primitives, so you don't have to write them.
- Midnight Commander (
mc
) (SrcCD) The Midnight Commander is a user friendly & colorful Unix file manager & shell, useful to novice & guru alike. It has a built-in virtual file system that manipulates files inside tar files or files on remote machines using the FTP protocol. This mechanism is extendable with external Unix programs. - Miscellaneous Files Distribution (SrcCD) The GNU Miscellaneous Files are non-crucial files that are common on various systems, including word lists, airport codes, ZIP codes etc.
mkisofs
(SrcCD)mkisofs
is a pre-mastering program to generate an ISO 9660 file system. It takes a snapshot of a directory tree, and makes a binary image which corresponds to an ISO 9660 file system when written to a block device.It can also generate the System Use Sharing Protocol records of the Rock Ridge Interchange Protocol (used to further describe the files in an ISO 9660 file system to a Unix host; it provides information such as longer filenames, uid/gid, permissions, and device nodes). The
mkisofs
program is often used withcdwrite
. Thecdwrite
program works by taking the image thatmkisofs
generates and driving a cdwriter drive to actually burn the disk.cdwrite
works under GNU/Linux, and supports popular cdwriter drives. Older versions ofcdwrite
were included with older versions ofmkisofs
;sunsite.unc.edu
has the latest version: `/pub/Linux/utils/disk-management/cdwrite-2.0.tar.gz'.mtools
(SrcCD)mtools
is a set of public domain programs to allow Unix systems to read, write, and manipulate files on an MS-DOS file system (usually a diskette).- MULE (SrcCD) MULE is a MULtilingual Enhancement to GNU Emacs. MULE text buffers can contain a mix of characters from many languages including: Japanese, Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese, Thai, modern European languages (including Greek & Russian), Arabic, & Hebrew. MULE also provides input methods for all of them. MULE is being merged into GNU Emacs. See section GNU & Other Free Software in Japan, for more information about MULE.
ncurses
(SrcCD)ncurses
implements the Unixcurses
API for developing screen-based programs that are terminal independent. It is not merely an emulation of old (BSD) curses/termcap, but is fully compatible with SVR4 curses/terminfo. It includes color, multiple-highlight, & xterm mouse-event support.- NetHack (SrcCD) NetHack is a Rogue-like adventure game supporting character & X displays.
- NIH Class Library (SrcCD) The NIH Class Library is a set of C++ classes (similar to Smalltalk-80's) written in C++ by Keith Gorlen of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
nvi
(SrcCD)nvi
is an implementation of theex
/vi
Unix editor. It has all the functionality of the originalex
/vi
, exceptopen
mode & thelisp
edit option. Enhancements include multiple buffers, command-line editing & path completion, integrated Perl5 & Tcl scripting languages, Cscope support & tag stacks, 8-bit data support, infinite file/line lengths, infinite undo, language catalogs, incremental search, extended regular expressions, and security fixes. It uses Autoconf for configuration and runs on any Unix-like system.- Oaklisp (SrcCD) Oaklisp is a fast, portable, object-oriented Scheme with first class types.
- Objective-C Library (SrcCD)
Our Objective-C Class Library (
gstep-base.tar.gz
,libgnustep-base
) has general-purpose, non-graphical Objective-C objects written by Andrew McCallum & others. It includes collection classes for maintaining groups of objects, I/O streams, coders for formatting objects & C types to streams, ports for network packet transmission, distributed objects (remote object messaging), string classes, invocations, notifications, event loops, timers, exceptions, pseudo-random number generators, & more. It has the base classes for the GNUstep project; all but a few of them have already been written. Send queries & bugs tomccallum@gnu.ai.mit.edu
. See "GNUstep" in section Forthcoming GNUs. - OBST (SrcCD) OBST is a persistent object management system with bindings to C++. OBST supports incremental loading of methods. Its graphical tools require the X Window System. It features a hands-on tutorial including sample programs. It compiles with G++, and should install easily on most Unix platforms.
- Octave Also see `http://www.che.wisc.edu/octave' (SrcCD)
Octave does arithmetic for real and complex scalars and matrices,
solves sets of nonlinear algebraic equations,
integrates systems of ordinary differential & differential-algebraic
equations,
and integrates functions over finite & infinite intervals.
Two- & three-dimensional plotting is available using
gnuplot
. Version 2.0 of Octave was released in December '96. It includes support for dynamically linked functions, user-defined data types, many new functions, & a completely revised manual. Octave works on most Unix systems & OS/2. A port to Windows NT/95 is underway. - Oleo (SrcCD) Oleo is a spreadsheet program (better for you than the more expensive spreadsheets). It supports the X Window System and character-based terminals, and can output Embedded Postscript renditions of spreadsheets. Keybindings should be familiar to Emacs users and are configurable. Oleo supports multiple variable-width fonts when used under the X Window System or outputting to Postscript devices.
p2c
(SrcCD)p2c
is Dave Gillespie's Pascal-to-C translator. It inputs many dialects (HP, ISO, Turbo, VAX, etc.) & generates readable, maintainable, portable C.patch
(SrcCD)patch
is our version of Larry Wall's program to takediff
's output and apply those differences to an original file to generate the modified version.- PCL (SrcCD) PCL is a free implementation of a large subset of CLOS, the Common Lisp Object System. It runs under both GCL and CLISP, mentioned above.
perl
(SrcCD) Larry Wall'sperl
combines the features & capabilities of C,sed
,awk
, &sh
, and provides interfaces to the Unix system calls & many C library routines.pine
Also see section Bad News and Good News about Pine (SrcCD)pine
is a friendly menu-driven electronic mail manager and user interface.ptx
Also see section Forthcoming GNUs (SrcCD)GNU
ptx
is our version of the traditional permuted index generator. It handles multiple input files at once, has TeX compatible output, & outputs readable KWIC (KeyWords In Context) indexes without usingnroff
.It does not yet handle input files that do not fit in memory all at once.
rc
(SrcCD)rc
is a shell that features a C-like syntax (much more so thancsh
) and far cleaner quoting rules than the C or Bourne shells. It's intended to be used interactively, but is also great for writing scripts. It inspired the shelles
.- RCS (SrcCD)
RCS, the Revision Control System, is used for version control & management
of software projects. Used with GNU
diff
, RCS can handle binary files (8-bit data, executables, object files, etc). RCS now conforms to GNU configuration standards & to POSIX 1003.1b-1993. Also see the CVS item above. recode
Also see section Forthcoming GNUs (SrcCD) GNUrecode
converts files between character sets and usages. When exact transliterations are not possible, it may delete the offending characters or fall back on approximations. This program recognizes or outputs nearly 150 different character sets and is able to transliterate files between almost any pair. Most RFC 1345 character sets are supported.regex
(SrcCD) The GNU regular expression library supports POSIX.2, except for internationalization features. It is included in many GNU programs which do regular expression matching & is available separately. An alternate regular expression package,rx
, is faster thanregex
in many cases; we were planning to replaceregex
withrx
, but it is not certain this will happen.- Roxen (SrcCD) Roxen is a modularized, object-oriented, non-forking World Wide Web server with high performance and throughput. It was formerly named Spinner, but was renamed for trademark reasons.
rx
(SrcCD) Tom Lord has writtenrx
, a new regular expression library which is faster than the older GNUregex
library. It is being distributed withsed
.rx
is also an installation option forfileutils
,id-utils
, andtextutils
, and maybe for future versions ofcpio
,m4
andptx
.- SAOimage (SrcCD) SAOimage is an X-based astronomical image viewer. It reads array data images, which may be in specific formats, and displays them with a pseudocolor colormap. There is full interactive control of the colormap, panning and zooming, graphical annotation, and cursor tracking in pixel and sky coordinates, among other features.
- Scheme (SrcCD) Scheme is a simplified, lexically-scoped dialect of Lisp. It was designed at MIT and other universities to teach students the art of programming and to research new parallel programming constructs and compilation techniques. We now distribute MIT Scheme 7.3, which conforms to the "Revised^4 Report On the Algorithmic Language Scheme" (MIT AI Lab Memo 848b), for which TeX source is included. It is written partly in C, but is presently hard to bootstrap. Binaries to bootstrap it exist for: HP9000 series 300, 400, 700, & 800 (running HP-UX 9.0), NeXT (NeXT OS 2 or 3.2), DEC Alpha (OSF/1), IBM RS/6000 (AIX), Sun-3 or Sun-4 (SunOS 4.1), DECstation 3100/5100 (Ultrix 4.0), Sony NeWS-3250 (NEWS OS 5.01), & Intel i386 (MS-DOS, Windows 3.1 or NT). If your system isn't on this list & you don't enjoy the bootstrap challenge, see "JACAL" earlier in this article.
screen
(SrcCD)screen
is a terminal multiplexer that runs several separate "screens" (ttys) on a single character-based terminal. Each virtual terminal emulates a DEC VT100 plus several ISO 2022 and ISO 6429 (ECMA 48, ANSI X3.64) functions, including color. Arbitrary keyboard input translation is also supported.screen
sessions can be detached and resumed later on a different terminal type. Output in detached sessions is saved for later viewing.sed
(SrcCD)sed
is a stream-oriented version ofed
. It comes with therx
library.- Sharutils (SrcCD)
shar
makes so-called shell archives out of many files, preparing them for transmission by electronic mail services;unshar
helps unpack these shell archives after reception.uuencode
anduudecode
are POSIX compliant implementations of a pair of programs which transform files into a format that can be safely transmitted across a 7-bit ASCII link. - Shellutils (SrcCD)
The Shellutils are:
basename
,chroot
,date
,dirname
,echo
,env
,expr
,factor
,false
,groups
,hostname
,id
,logname
,nice
,nohup
,pathchk
,printenv
,printf
,pwd
,seq
,sleep
,stty
,su
,tee
,test
,true
,tty
,uname
,uptime
,users
,who
,whoami
, &yes
. - Shogi (SrcCD)
Shogi is a Japanese game similar to Chess; a major difference is that captured pieces can be returned into play.
GNU Shogi is a variant of GNU Chess; it implements the same features & similar heuristics. As a new feature, sequences of partial board patterns can be introduced to help the program play toward specific opening patterns. It has both character and X display interfaces.
It is primarily supported by Matthias Mutz on behalf of the FSF.
- SIPP (SrcCD) SIPP is a library for photorealistically rendering 3D scenes. Scenes can be illuminated by an arbitrary number of light sources; they are built up of object hierarchies, with arbitrarily many subobjects and subsurfaces. Surfaces can be rendered with either Phong, Gouraud, or flat shading. The library supports programmable shaders and texture mapping.
- Smail (SrcCD)
Smail is a mail transport system, designed as a compatible
drop-in replacement for
sendmail
. It uses a much simpler configuration format thansendmail
and is designed to be setup with minimal effort. - Smalltalk Also see section Forthcoming GNUs (SrcCD) GNU Smalltalk is an interpreted object-oriented programming language system written in highly portable C. It has been ported to DOS, many Unix, & other OSes. Features include a binary image save capability, the ability to call user-written C code with parameters, an Emacs editing mode, a version of the X protocol invocable from Smalltalk, optional byte-code compilation and/or execution tracing, & automatically loaded per-user initialization files. It implements all of the classes & protocol in the book "Smalltalk-80: The Language", except for the graphic user interface (GUI) related classes.
- SNePS (SrcCD) SNePS is the Semantic Network Processing System. It is an implementation of a fully intensional theory of propositional knowledge representation and reasoning. SNePS runs under CLISP or GCL.
- Superopt (SrcCD) Superopt is a function sequence generator that uses an exhaustive generate-and-test approach to find the shortest instruction sequence for a given function. You provide a function as input, a CPU to generate code for, and how many instructions you want. Its use in GCC is described in the ACM SIGPLAN PLDI'92 Proceedings. It supports: SPARC, m68k, m68020, m88k, IBM POWER and PowerPC, AMD 29k, Intel x86 & 960, Pyramid, DEC Alpha, Hitachi SH, & HP--PA.
stow
(SrcCD)stow
manages the installation of software packages, keeping them separate while making them appear to be installed in the same place.tar
(SrcCD) GNUtar
includes multi-volume support, the ability to archive sparse files, compression/decompression, remote archives, and special features that allowtar
to be used for incremental and full backups. GNUtar
uses an early draft of the POSIX 1003.1 ustar format which is different from the final version. This will be corrected in the future.- Termcap Library (SrcCD) [FSFman] The GNU Termcap library is a drop-in replacement for `libtermcap.a' on any system. It does not place an arbitrary limit on the size of Termcap entries, unlike most other Termcap libraries. Included is source for the Termcap Manual in Texinfo format (see section GNU Documentation).
- Termutils (SrcCD)
The Termutils package contains programs for controlling terminals.
tput
is a portable way for shell scripts to use special terminal capabilities.tabs
is a program to set hardware terminal tab settings. - TeX (SrcCD)
TeX is a document formatting system that handles complicated typesetting, including mathematics. It is GNU's standard text formatter. The University of Washington maintains & supports a tape distribution of TeX for Unix systems. The core material is Karl Berry's
web2c
TeX package. Sources are available via anonymous FTP; retrieval instructions are in `/pub/tex/unixtex.ftp' onftp.cs.umb.edu
. If you receive any installation support from the University of Washington, consider sending them a donation.To order a full distribution written in
tar
on either a 1/4inch 4-track QIC-24 cartridge or a 4mm DAT cartridge, send $210.00 to:Pierre A. MacKay Department of Classics DH-10, Denny Hall 218 University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 USA Electronic-Mail:
Please make checks payable to: `University of Washington'. Do not specify any other payee. That causes accounting problems. Checks must be in U.S. dollars, drawn on a U.S. bank. Only prepaid orders can be handled. Overseas sites: please add to the base cost $20.00 to ship via air parcel post or $30.00 to ship via courier. Please check with the above for current prices & formats.mackay@cs.washington.edu
Telephone: +1-206-543-2268 - Texinfo (SrcCD) [FSFman]
Texinfo is a set of utilities
(
makeinfo
,info
,install-info
,texi2dvi
,texindex
, &texinfmt.el
) which generate printed manuals, plain ASCII text, & online hypertext documentation (called "Info"), & can read online Info documents; Info files can also be read in Emacs. Version 3 has both Emacs Lisp & standalone programs written in C or as shell scripts. Texinfo mode for Emacs enables easy editing & updating of Texinfo files. Source for the Texinfo Manual is included (see section GNU Documentation). - Textutils (SrcCD)
The Textutils programs manipulate textual data. They include:
cat
,cksum
,comm
,csplit
,cut
,expand
,fmt
,fold
,head
,join
,md5sum
,nl
,od
,paste
,pr
,sort
,split
,sum
,tac
,tail
,tr
,unexpand
,uniq
, andwc
. - TIFF library (SrcCD)
The TIFF library,
libtiff
, is a library for manipulating Tagged Image File Format files, a commonly used bitmap graphics format. - Tile Forth (SrcCD)
Tile Forth is a 32-bit implementation of the Forth--83 standard written in C, allowing it to be easily ported to new systems & extended with any C-function (graphics, windowing, etc).
Many documented Forth libraries are available, e.g. top-down parsing, multi-threads, & object-oriented programming.
time
(SrcCD)time
reports (usually from a shell) the user, system, & real time used by a process. On some systems it also reports memory usage, page faults, etc.ucblogo
(SrcCD)ucblogo
implements the classic teaching language, Logo.- UUCP (SrcCD)
GNU's UUCP system (written by Ian Lance Taylor) supports the
f
,g
(all window & packet sizes),v
,G
,t
,e
, Zmodem, & two new bidirectional (i
&j
) protocols. With a BSD sockets library, it can make TCP connections. With TLI libraries, it can make TLI connections. Source is included for a manual (not yet published by the FSF). - viewfax (SrcCD) Viewfax is a tool for displaying fax files on an X display. It can display raw, digifax or tiff/f files, such as those received by HylaFAX.
- W3 (SrcCD) W3 (written by William Perry in Emacs Lisp) is an extensible, advanced World Wide Web browser that runs as part of Emacs. It understands many protocols & file formats: FTP, gopher, HTML, SMTP, Telnet, WAIS, etc.
wdiff
(SrcCD)wdiff
is a front-end to GNUdiff
. It compares two files, finding the words deleted or added to the first to make the second. It has many output formats and works well with terminals and pagers.wdiff
is very useful when two texts differ only by a few words and paragraphs have been refilled.wget
(SrcCD)wget
non-interactively retrieves files from the WWW using HTTP & FTP. It is suitable for use in shell scripts.windows32api
(SrcCD)windows32
is a set of header files & import libraries that can be used by GNU tools for compiling & linking programs to be run on Windows NT/95.- WN (SrcCD) WN is a World Wide Web server designed to be secure and flexible. It offers many different capabilities in pre-parsing files before passing them to the client, and has a very different design from Apache and the NCSA server.
- X11 (SrcCD)
We distribute Version 11, Release 6.1 of the X Window System with the latest patches & bug fixes. X11 includes all of the core software, documentation, contributed clients, libraries, & toolkits, games, etc.
While supplies last, we will distribute X11R5 on the November 1993 Source Code CD-ROM.
xboard
(SrcCD)xboard
is a graphical chessboard for X Windows. It can serve as a user interface to the Crafty or GNU chess programs, the Internet Chess Servers, e-mail correspondence chess, or games saved in Portable Game Notation.xgrabsc
(SrcCD)xgrabsc
is a screen capture program similar toxwd
but with a graphical user interface, more ways of selecting the part of the screen to capture, & different types of output: Postscript, color Postscript, xwd, bitmap, pixmap, & puzzle.xinfo
(SrcCD)xinfo
is an X-windows program for reading Info files. It uses a special widget, which is available for use in other programs.xshogi
(SrcCD)xshogi
is a graphical Shogi (Japanese Chess) board for the X Window System. It can serve as a user interface to GNU Shogi, as a referee for games between two humans, or as a client for the Internet Shogi Server.Ygl
(SrcCD)Ygl
emulates a subset of SGI's GL (Graphics Language) library under X11 on most platforms with an ANSI C compiler (including GCC). It has most two-dimensional graphics routines, the queue device & query routines, double buffering, RGB mode with dithering, FORTRAN bindings, etc.
Program/Package Cross Reference
Here is a list of the package each GNU program or library is in. You can FTP the current list in the file `/pub/gnu/ProgramIndex' from a GNU FTP host (listed in section How to Get GNU Software).
* 4dview geomview * a2p perl * a2x xopt * ac bsd44 * accton bsd44 * ackpfd phttpd * acl bsd44 * acm acm * acms acm * addbbox geomview * addftinfo Groff * adventure bsd44 * afm2tfm TeX * aid ID Utils * amd bsd44 * ansitape bsd44 * AnswerGarden xopt * apply bsd44 * appres xreq * apropos bsd44 * ar Binutils * arithmetic bsd44 * arp bsd44 * atc bsd44 * authwn WN * autoconf Autoconf * autoheader Autoconf * automake Automake * autoreconf Autoconf * autoscan Autoconf * autoupdate Autoconf * auto_box xopt * auto_box xreq * b2m Emacs * backgammon bsd44 * bad144 bsd44 * badsect bsd44 * banner bsd44 * basename Shellutils * bash BASH * battlestar bsd44 * bc bc * bcd bsd44 * bdes bsd44 * bdftops Ghostscript * beach_ball xopt * beach_ball xreq * beach_ball2 xopt * bibtex TeX * biff bsd44 * bison Bison * bitmap xreq * boggle bsd44 * bpltobzr Fontutils * bugfiler bsd44 * buildhash Ispell * bzrto Fontutils * c++ GCC * c++filt Binutils * c2ph perl * ca100 xopt * caesar bsd44 * cal bsd44 * calendar bsd44 * canfield bsd44 * cat Textutils * cbars wdiff * cc GCC * cc1 GCC * cc1obj GCC * cc1plus GCC * cccp GCC * cdwrite mkisofs * cfengine cfengine * cgi Spinner * charspace Fontutils * checknr bsd44 * chess bsd44 * chflags bsd44 * chgrp Fileutils * ching bsd44 * chmod Fileutils * chown Fileutils * chpass bsd44 * chroot bsd44 * ci RCS * cksum Textutils * cktyps g77 * clisp CLISP * clri bsd44 * cmail xboard * cmmf TeX * cmodext xopt * cmp Diffutils * co RCS * col bsd44 * colcrt bsd44 * colrm bsd44 * column bsd44 * comm Textutils * compress bsd44 * comsat bsd44 * connectd bsd44 * cp Fileutils * cpicker xopt * cpio cpio * cpp GCC * cppstdin perl * cribbage bsd44 * crock xopt * csh bsd44 * csplit Textutils * ctags Emacs * ctwm xopt * cu UUCP * cut Textutils * cvs CVS * cvscheck CVS * cvtmail Emacs * cxterm xopt * d Fileutils * date Shellutils * dc bc * dd Fileutils * ddd DDD * defid ID Utils * delatex TeX * demangle Binutils * descend CVS * detex TeX * df Fileutils * dhtppd phttpd * diff Diffutils * diff3 Diffutils * diffpp enscript * digest-doc Emacs * dipress bsd44 * dir Fileutils * dircolors Fileutils * dirname Shellutils * dish xopt * disklabel bsd44 * diskpart bsd44 * dld dld * dm bsd44 * dmesg bsd44 * doschk doschk * dox xopt * du Fileutils * dump bsd44 * dump mkisofs * dumpfs bsd44 * dvi2tty TeX * dvicopy TeX * dvips TeX * dvitype TeX * ecc ecc * echo Shellutils * ed ed * edit-pr GNATS * editres xreq * edquota bsd44 * eeprom bsd44 * egrep grep * eid ID Utils * emacs Emacs * emacsclient Emacs * emacsserver Emacs * emacstool Emacs * emu xopt * enscript enscript * env Shellutils * eqn Groff * error bsd44 * es es * esdebug es * etags Emacs * ex nvi * example geomview * exicyclog Exim * exigrep Exim * exim Exim * eximon Exim * eximon Exim * eximstats Exim * exinext Exim * exiwhat Exim * expand Textutils * expect DejaGnu * expr Shellutils * exterm xopt * f2c f2c * factor bsd44 * fakemail Emacs * false Shellutils * fastboot bsd44 * fax2ps HylaFAX * faxalter HylaFAX * faxanswer HylaFAX * faxcover HylaFAX * faxd HylaFAX * faxd.recv HylaFAX * faxmail HylaFAX * faxquit HylaFAX * faxrcvd HylaFAX * faxrm HylaFAX * faxstat HylaFAX * fc f2c * fdraw xopt * ffe g77 * fgrep grep * fid ID Utils * file bsd44 * find Findutils * find2perl perl * finger Finger * fingerd Finger * fish bsd44 * fixfonts Texinfo * fixinc.svr4 GCC * fixincludes GCC * flex flex * flex++ flex * flythrough geomview * fmt bsd44 * fnid ID Utils * fold Textutils * font2c Ghostscript * fontconvert Fontutils * forth Tile Forth * forthicon Tile Forth * forthtool Tile Forth * fortune bsd44 * fpr bsd44 * freq Ispell * freqtbl Ispell * from bsd44 * fsck bsd44 * fsplit bsd44 * fstat bsd44 * ftp bsd44 * ftp Inetutils * ftpd bsd44 * ftpd Inetutils * g++ GCC * gas Binutils * gawk GAWK * gcal gcal * gcc GCC * gcore bsd44 * gdb GDB * genclass libg++ * geomstuff geomview * gettext gettext * getty bsd44 * gftodvi TeX * gftopk TeX * gftype TeX * ghostview Ghostview * gid ID Utils * ginsu geomview * git GIT * gitaction GIT * gitcmp GIT * gitkeys GIT * gitmatch GIT * gitmount GIT * gitps GIT * gitredir GIT * gitrgrep GIT * gitview GIT * gitwipe GIT * gn GN * gnans Gnans * gnanslator Gnans * gnats GNATS * gnuchess Chess * gnuchessc Chess * gnuchessn Chess * gnuchessr Chess * gnuchessx Chess * gnuclient gnuserv * gnudoit gnuserv * gnupdisp Shogi * gnuplot gnuplot * gnuplot_x11 gnuplot * gnuserv gnuserv * gnushogi Shogi * gnushogir Shogi * gnushogix Shogi * go GnuGo * gpc xopt * gpc xreq * gperf cperf * gperf libg++ * gprof Binutils * graffiti geomview * graph Graphics * grep grep * grodvi Groff * groff Groff * grops Groff * grotty Groff * groups Shellutils * gs Ghostscript * gsbj Ghostscript * gsdj Ghostscript * gslj Ghostscript * gslp Ghostscript * gsnd Ghostscript * gsrenderfont Fontutils * gunzip gzip * gvclock geomview * gwm xopt * gzexe gzip * gzip gzip * h2ph perl * h2pl perl * hack bsd44 * hangman bsd44 * head Textutils * hello hello * hexdump bsd44 * hexl Emacs * hinge geomview * hostname Shellutils * hp2xx hp2xx * hterm xopt * htmlencode phttpd * httpd apache * httpdecode phttpd * i18nOlwmV2 xopt * i2mif xopt * ico xopt * ico xreq * id Shellutils * ident RCS * ifconfig bsd44 * ifnames Autoconf * ImageMagick xopt * imageto Fontutils * iman xopt * imgrotate Fontutils * indent indent * indxbib Groff * inetd bsd44 * inetd Inetutils * info Texinfo * inimf TeX * init bsd44 * initex TeX * inn bsd44 * install Fileutils * iostat bsd44 * isodiag mkisofs * isodump mkisofs * ispell Ispell * ixterm xopt * ixx xopt * join Textutils * jot bsd44 * jove bsd44 * kdestroy bsd44 * kdump bsd44 * kermit bsd44 * kgames xopt * kgmon bsd44 * kill bsd44 * kinit bsd44 * kinput2 xopt * klist bsd44 * kpasswdd bsd44 * ksrvtgt bsd44 * kterm xopt * ktrace bsd44 * lam bsd44 * larn bsd44 * lasergnu gnuplot * last bsd44 * lastcomm bsd44 * latex TeX * lclock xopt * ld Binutils * leave bsd44 * less less * lesskey less * libavcall.a ffcall * libbfd.a Binutils * libbfd.a GDB * libbzr.a Fontutils * libc.a C Library * libcompat.a bsd44 * libcurses.a bsd44 * libcurses.a ncurses * libdcurses.a ncurses * libedit.a bsd44 * libF77.a f2c * libF77.a g77 * libg++.a libg++ * libgdbm.a gdbm * libgf.a Fontutils * libgmp.a gmp * libgnanslib.a Gnans * libgnussl.a gnussl * libI77.a f2c * libI77.a g77 * libkvm.a bsd44 * libm.a bsd44 * libncurses.a ncurses * libnihcl.a NIHCL * libnihclmi.a NIHCL * libnihclvec.a NIHCL * libnls.a xreq * libobjects.a libobjects * liboctave.a Octave * liboldX.a xreq * libpbm.a Fontutils * libPEXt.a xopt * libpk.a Fontutils * libresolv.a bsd44 * librpc.a bsd44 * libsipp.a SIPP * libtcl.a DejaGnu * libtelnet.a bsd44 * libterm.a bsd44 * libtermcap.a Termcap * libtfm.a Fontutils * libtiff.a tiff * libutil.a bsd44 * libvacall.a ffcall * libWc.a xopt * libwidgets.a Fontutils * libX.a xreq * libXau.a xreq * libXaw.a xreq * libXcp.a xopt * libXcu.a xopt * libXdmcp.a xreq * libXmp.a xopt * libXmu.a xreq * libXO.a xopt * libXop.a xopt * libXp.a xopt * libXpex.a xopt * libXt.a xopt * libXt.a xreq * libXwchar.a xopt * liby.a bsd44 * libYgl.a Ygl * lid ID Utils * limn Fontutils * listres xopt * listres xreq * lkbib Groff * ln Fileutils * locate Findutils * lock bsd44 * logcvt-ip2n phttpd * logger bsd44 * login bsd44 * logname Shellutils * logo ucblogo * lookbib Groff * lorder bsd44 * lpr bsd44 * ls Fileutils * lynx lynx * m4 m4 * mail bsd44 * mail-files Sharutils * mailq smail * mailshar Sharutils * make make * make-docfile Emacs * make-path Emacs * makeindex TeX * makeinfo Texinfo * MakeTeXPK TeX * man bsd44 * man-macros Groff * maniview geomview * mattrib mtools * maze xopt * maze xreq * mazewar xopt * mc mc * mcd mtools * mcopy mtools * mcserv mc * md5sum Textutils * mdel mtools * mdir mtools * me-macros Groff * medit2gv geomview * merge RCS * mesg bsd44 * mf TeX * mformat mtools * mft TeX * mgdiff xopt * mh bsd44 * mille bsd44 * mkafmmap enscript * mkcache GN * mkdep bsd44 * mkdir Fileutils * mkfifo Fileutils * mkid ID Utils * mkisofs mkisofs * mklocale bsd44 * mkmanifest mtools * mkmf bsd44 * mkmodules CVS * mknod Fileutils * mkstr bsd44 * mlabel mtools * mm-macros Groff * mmd mtools * monop bsd44 * more bsd44 * morse bsd44 * mount bsd44 * mountd bsd44 * movemail Emacs * mprof bsd44 * mrd mtools * mread mtools * mren mtools * ms-macros Groff * msgcmp gettext * msgfmt gettext * msgmerge gettext * msgs bsd44 * msgunfmt gettext * mst Smalltalk * mt cpio * mterm xopt * mtree bsd44 * mtype mtools * mule MULE * muncher xopt * mv Fileutils * mvdir Fileutils * mwrite mtools * NDview geomview * nethack NetHack * netstat bsd44 * newfs bsd44 * nfsd bsd44 * nfsiod bsd44 * nfsstat bsd44 * nice Shellutils * nl Textutils * nlmconv Binutils * nm Binutils * nohup Shellutils * nose geomview * notify HylaFAX * nroff Groff * number bsd44 * objc GCC * objcopy Binutils * objdump Binutils * objective-c GCC * obst-boot OBST * obst-CC OBST * obst-cct OBST * obst-cgc OBST * obst-cmp OBST * obst-cnt OBST * obst-cpcnt OBST * obst-csz OBST * obst-dir OBST * obst-dmp OBST * obst-gen OBST * obst-gsh OBST * obst-init OBST * obst-scp OBST * obst-sil OBST * obst-stf OBST * oclock xreq * octave Octave * od Textutils * oleo Oleo * ora-examples xopt * p2c p2c * pagesize bsd44 * palette xopt * pascal bsd44 * passwd bsd44 * paste Textutils * patch patch * patgen TeX * pathalias bsd44 * pathchk Shellutils * pathto smail * pax bsd44 * pbmplus xopt * perl perl * pfbtops Groff * phantasia bsd44 * phttpd phttpd * pic Groff * pico pine * pig bsd44 * pine pine * ping bsd44 * pixedit xopt * pixmap xopt * pktogf TeX * pktype TeX * plaid xopt * plot2fig Graphics * plot2plot Graphics * plot2ps Graphics * plot2tek Graphics * pltotf TeX * pollrcvd HylaFAX * pom bsd44 * pooltype TeX * portmap bsd44 * ppt bsd44 * pr Textutils * pr-addr GNATS * pr-edit GNATS * primes bsd44 * printenv Shellutils * printf Shellutils * protoize GCC * proxygarb Spinner * ps bsd44 * ps2ascii Ghostscript * ps2epsi Ghostscript * ps2fax HylaFAX * psbb Groff * pstat bsd44 * psycho xopt * ptester phttpd * ptx ptx * pubdic+ xopt * puzzle xopt * puzzle xreq * pwd Shellutils * pyramid xopt * query-pr GNATS * quiz bsd44 * quot bsd44 * quota bsd44 * quotacheck bsd44 * quotaon bsd44 * rain bsd44 * random bsd44 * ranlib Binutils * rbootd bsd44 * rc rc * rcp bsd44 * rcp Inetutils * rcs RCS * rcs-to-cvs CVS * rcs2log Emacs * rcsdiff RCS * rcsfreeze RCS * rcsmerge RCS * rdist bsd44 * reboot bsd44 * recode recode * recvstats HylaFAX * red ed * refer Groff * remsync Sharutils * renice bsd44 * repquota bsd44 * restore bsd44 * rev bsd44 * rexecd bsd44 * rexecd Inetutils * rlog RCS * rlogin bsd44 * rlogin Inetutils * rlogind bsd44 * rlogind Inetutils * rm Fileutils * rmail bsd44 * rmdir Fileutils * rmt cpio * rmt tar * robots bsd44 * rogue bsd44 * route bsd44 * routed bsd44 * rr xopt * rs bsd44 * rsh bsd44 * rsh Inetutils * rshd bsd44 * rshd Inetutils * rsmtp smail * runq smail * runtest DejaGnu * runtest.exp DejaGnu * ruptime bsd44 * rwho bsd44 * rwhod bsd44 * s2p perl * sail bsd44 * saoimage SAOimage * savecore bsd44 * sc bsd44 * sccs bsd44 * sccs2rcs CVS * scdisp xopt * screen screen * script bsd44 * scsiformat bsd44 * sctext xopt * sdiff Diffutils * sed sed * send-pr GNATS * sendfax HylaFAX * sendmail bsd44 * sgi2fax HylaFAX * sgn GN * sh bsd44 * shar Sharutils * shinbun xopt * shogi Shogi * showfont xopt * showmount bsd44 * shutdown bsd44 * size Binutils * sj3 xopt * sjxa xopt * slattach bsd44 * sleep Shellutils * sliplogin bsd44 * smail smail * smtpd smail * snake bsd44 * snftobdf xopt * soelim Groff * sort Textutils * sos2obst OBST * spider xopt * split Textutils * startslip bsd44 * stereo geomview * stf OBST * strings Binutils * strip Binutils * stty Shellutils * su Shellutils * sum Textutils * superopt Superopt * swapon bsd44 * sweep geomview * sync bsd44 * sysctl bsd44 * syslog Inetutils * syslogd bsd44 * syslogd Inetutils * systat bsd44 * tabs Termutils * tac Textutils * tackdown geomview * tail Textutils * taintperl perl * talk bsd44 * talk Inetutils * talkd bsd44 * talkd Inetutils * tangle TeX * tar tar * tbl Groff * tcal gcal * tcl DejaGnu * tclsh DejaGnu * tcopy bsd44 * tcp Emacs * tee Shellutils * tek2plot Graphics * telnet bsd44 * telnet Inetutils * telnetd bsd44 * telnetd Inetutils * test Shellutils * test-g++ DejaGnu * test-tool DejaGnu * tetris bsd44 * tex TeX * tex3patch Texinfo * texi2dvi Texinfo * texindex Texinfo * texspell TeX * textfmt HylaFAX * tfmtodit Groff * tftopl TeX * tftp bsd44 * tftp Inetutils * tftpd bsd44 * tftpd Inetutils * tgrind TeX * time time * timed bsd44 * timer Emacs * timex xopt * tip bsd44 * tkpostage xopt * tn3270 bsd44 * togeomview geomview * touch Fileutils * tput Termutils * tr Textutils * traceroute bsd44 * transcript HylaFAX * transfig xopt * transformer geomview * trek bsd44 * trigrp geomview * trn3 bsd44 * troff Groff * trpt bsd44 * trsp bsd44 * true Shellutils * tset bsd44 * tsort bsd44 * tty Shellutils * ttygnans Gnans * tunefs bsd44 * tupdate gettext * tvtwm xopt * twm xreq * ul bsd44 * ulpc Spinner * umount bsd44 * uname Shellutils * uncompress gzip * unexpand Textutils * unifdef bsd44 * unify wdiff * uniq Textutils * unprotoize GCC * unshar Sharutils * unvis bsd44 * update bsd44 * updatedb Findutils * users Shellutils * uuchk UUCP * uucico UUCP * uuconv UUCP * uucp UUCP * uucpd bsd44 * uucpd Inetutils * uudecode Sharutils * uudir UUCP * uuencode Sharutils * uulog UUCP * uuname UUCP * uupath smail * uupick UUCP * uurate UUCP * uusched UUCP * uustat UUCP * uuto UUCP * uux UUCP * uuxqt UUCP * v Fileutils * vacation bsd44 * vandal xopt * vcdiff Emacs * vdir Fileutils * vftovp TeX * vgrind bsd44 * vi nvi * viewres xopt * viewres xreq * vine xopt * vipw bsd44 * virmf TeX * virtex TeX * vis bsd44 * vmstat bsd44 * vptovf TeX * w bsd44 * waisgn GN * wakeup Emacs * wall bsd44 * wargames bsd44 * wc Textutils * wdiff wdiff * weave TeX * what bsd44 * whatis bsd44 * whereis bsd44 * who Shellutils * whoami Shellutils * whois bsd44 * window bsd44 * winterp xopt * wish DejaGnu * wn WN * wndex WN * worm bsd44 * worms bsd44 * write bsd44 * wump bsd44 * x11perf xreq * x2p perl * xalarm xopt * xancur xopt * xargs Findutils * xauth xreq * xbfe Fontutils * xbiff xopt * xbiff xreq * xboard xboard * xboing xopt * xbuffy3 xopt * xcalc xopt * xcalc xreq * xcalendar xopt * xcdplayer xopt * xcell xopt * xclipboard xreq * xclock xreq * xcmdmenu xopt * xcms xopt * xcmsdb xreq * xcmstest xreq * xco xopt * xcolorize xopt * xcolors xopt * xconsole xreq * xcrtca xopt * xdaliclock xopt * xdiary xopt * xditview Groff * xditview xopt * xditview xreq * xdm xreq * xdpyinfo xreq * xdu xopt * xdvi TeX * xdvi xopt * xdvorak xopt * xearth xopt * xed xopt * xedit xopt * xedit xreq * xev xopt * xev xreq * xexit xopt * xeyes xopt * xeyes xreq * xfd xreq * xfed xopt * xfedor xopt * xfeoak xopt * xferstats HylaFAX * xfig xopt * xfontsel xopt * xfontsel xreq * xforecast xopt * xgas xopt * xgas xreq * xgc xopt * xgc xreq * xgettext gettext * xhearts xopt * xhelp xopt * xhost xreq * xinit xreq * xkeycaps xopt * xkill xreq * xlax xopt * xlayout xopt * xlbiff xopt * xless xopt * xload xopt * xload xreq * xlogin xopt * xlogo xreq * xlsatoms xreq * xlsclients xreq * xlsfonts xreq * xmag xreq * xmail xopt * xmailbox xopt * xmailwatcher xopt * xman xopt * xman xreq * xmandel xopt * xmessage xopt * xmeter xopt * xmh xreq * xmh-icons xopt * xmh.editor xopt * xmodmap xreq * xmon xopt * xmove xopt * xmphone xopt * xpd xopt * xphoon xopt * xpipeman xopt * xplot Graphics * xpostit xopt * xpr xopt * xpr xreq * xprompt xopt * xproof xopt * xprop xreq * xpserv xopt * xrdb xreq * xrefresh xreq * xrsh xopt * xrubik xopt * xrunclient xopt * xscope xopt * xscreensaver xopt * xsession xopt * xset xreq * xsetroot xreq * xshogi xshogi * xstdcmap xreq * xstr bsd44 * xtalk xopt * xterm xreq * xterm_color xopt * xtetris xopt * xTeXcad.13 xopt * xtiff xopt * xtokid ID Utils * xtree xopt * xtv xopt * xwd xreq * xwininfo xreq * xwud xreq * yacc bsd44 * yes Shellutils * youbin xopt * yow Emacs * zcat gzip * zcmp gzip * zdiff gzip * zforce gzip * zgrep gzip * zmore gzip * znew gzip * [ Shellutils
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
...imagine how little used calculus would have been if a court had decided that no one could study, use, or do research on it without paying a royalty to Newton's designated heirs.
- The Independent, October 5, 1992
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Deluxe Distribution
The Free Software Foundation has been asked repeatedly to create a package that provides executables for all of our software. Normally we offer only sources. The Deluxe Distribution provides binaries with the source code and includes six T-shirts, all our CD-ROMs, printed manuals, & reference cards.
The FSF Deluxe Distribution contains the binaries and sources to hundreds of different programs including Emacs, the GNU C/C++ Compiler, the GNU Debugger, the complete X Window System, and all the GNU utilities.
We will make a Deluxe Distribution for most machines/operating systems. We may be able to send someone to your office to do the compilation, if we can't find a suitable machine here. However, we can only compile the programs that already support your chosen machine/system -- porting is a separate matter. (To commission a port, see the GNU Service Directory; details in section Free Software Support.) Compiling all these programs takes time; a Deluxe Distribution for an unusual machine will take longer to produce than one for a common machine. Please contact the FSF Office with any questions.
We supply the software on a write-once CD-ROM (in ISO 9660 format with
"Rock Ridge" extensions),
or on one of these tapes in Unix tar
format:
1600 or 6250bpi 1/2in reel,
Sun DC300XLP 1/4in cartridge -- QIC24,
IBM RS/6000 1/4in c.t. -- QIC 150,
Exabyte 8mm c.t., or
DAT 4mm c.t.
If your computer cannot read any of these, please contact us to see if we
can handle your format.
The manuals included are one each of Bison, Calc, GAWK, GCC, GNU C Library, GDB, Flex, GNU Emacs Lisp Reference, Programming in Emacs Lisp: An Introduction, Make, Texinfo, & Termcap manuals; six copies of the GNU Emacs manual; and ten reference cards each for Emacs, Bison, Calc, Flex, & GDB.
Every Deluxe Distribution also has a copy of the latest editions of our CD-ROMs that have sources of our software & compiler tool binaries for some systems. The CDs are in ISO 9660 format with Rock Ridge extensions.
The price of the Deluxe Distribution is $5000 (shipping included). These sales provide enormous financial assistance to help the FSF develop more free software. To order, please fill out the "Deluxe Distribution" section on the see section Free Software Foundation Order Form and send it to:
Free Software Foundation, Inc. 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA Telephone: +1-617-542-5942 Fax (including Japan): +1-617-542-2652 Electronic Mail: gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu World Wide Web: http://www.gnu.ai.mit.edu
CD-ROMs
We offer these CD-ROMs:
- Several editions of our section Source Code CD-ROMs.
- January 1997 section January 1997 Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM.
- December 1995 Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM, see the see section Free Software Foundation Order Form.
- December 1994 Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM, see the see section Free Software Foundation Order Form.
- December 1993 Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM, see the see section Free Software Foundation Order Form.
Our CDs are in ISO 9660 format & can be mounted as a read-only file system on most computers. If your driver supports it, you can mount each CD with "Rock Ridge" extensions & it will look like a regular Unix file system, rather than one full of truncated & otherwise mangled names that fit vanilla ISO 9660.
You can build most of the software without copying the sources off the CD. You only need enough disk space for object files and intermediate build targets.
Pricing of the GNU CD-ROMs
If a business or organization is ultimately paying, the January 1997 Source CD set costs $240. The set costs $60 if you, an individual, are paying out of your own pocket. The January 1997 Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM costs $220 for a business or organization, and $55 for an individual.
What Do the Different Prices Mean?
The software on our disks is free; anyone can copy it and anyone can run it. What we charge for is the physical disk and the service of distribution.
We charge two different prices depending on who is buying. When a company or other organization buys the January 1997 Source CD-ROMs, we charge $240. When an individual buys the same CD-ROMs, we charge just $60. This distinction is not a matter of who is allowed to use the software. In either case, once you have a copy, you can distribute as many copies as you wish and there's no restriction on who can have or run them. The price distinction is entirely a matter of what kind of entity pays for the CDs.
You, the reader, are certainly an individual, not a company. If you are buying a disk "in person", then you are probably doing so as an individual. But if you expect to be reimbursed by your employer, then the disk is really for the company; so please pay the company price and get reimbursed for it. We won't try to check up on you--we use the honor system--so please cooperate.
Buying CDs at the company price is very helpful for GNU; just 150 Source CDs at that price support an FSF programmer or tech writer for a year.
Why Is There an Individual Price?
In the past, our distribution tapes were ordered mainly by companies. The CD at the price of $240 provides them with all of our software for a much lower price than they would previously have paid for six different tapes. To lower the price more would cut into the FSF's funds very badly and decrease the software development we can do.
However, for individuals, $240 is too high a price; hardly anyone could afford that. So we decided to make CDs available to individuals at the lower price of $60.
Is There a Maximum Price?
Our stated prices are minimum prices. Feel free to pay a higher price if you wish to support GNU development more. The sky's the limit; we will accept as high a price as you can offer. Or simply give a donation (tax-deductible in the U.S.) to the Free Software Foundation, a tax-exempt public charity.
January 1997 Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM
The fourth edition of our CD-ROM that has binaries and complete sources for GNU compiler tools for some systems which lack a compiler, will be available at the end of January 1997. This enables the people who use these systems to compile GNU and other free software without having to buy a proprietary compiler. You can also use these GNU tools to compile your own C/C++/Objective-C programs. Older editions of this CD are available while supplies last at a reduced price; see the see section Free Software Foundation Order Form.
We hope to have more systems on each update of this CD. If you can help build binaries for new systems (especially those that don't come with a C compiler), or have one to suggest, please contact us at the addresses on the top menu.
These packages:
* DJGPP * GCC/G++/Objective-C * GNU C Library * GDB * Binutils * Bison * Emacs (MS-DOS only) * Flex * Make * libg++
On these platforms:
*i386-msdos
*hppa1.1-hp-hpux9
*hppa1.1-hp-hpux10
*powerpc-ibm-aix4.2
*sparc-sun-solaris2.4
*sparc-sun-solaris2.5
*sparc-sun-sunos4.1
Source Code CD-ROMs
We have several versions of our Source Code CD-ROMs available, including:
- section January 1997 Source Code CD-ROMs, the newest release, has programs, bug fixes, & improvements not on the other CDs.
- section July 1996 Source Code CD-ROMs.
- December 1995 Source Code CD-ROMs, see the see section Free Software Foundation Order Form.
- June 1995 Source Code CD-ROM, see the see section Free Software Foundation Order Form.
- May 1994 Source Code CD-ROM, see the see section Free Software Foundation Order Form.
- November 1993 Source Code CD-ROM, see the see section Free Software Foundation Order Form.
- May 1993 Source Code CD-ROM, see the see section Free Software Foundation Order Form.
- October 1992 Source Code CD-ROM, see the see section Free Software Foundation Order Form.
The older Source CDs are available while supplies last at a reduced price (please note that the December 1994 Source CD is permanently out of stock). All the Source CDs have Texinfo source for the GNU manuals listed in section GNU Documentation.
MIT Scheme & much of X11 is not on the older Source CDs.
There are no precompiled programs on these Source CDs. You will need a C compiler (programs which need some other interpreter or compiler normally provide the C source for a bootstrapping program). We ship C compiler binaries for some systems on the section January 1997 Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM.
January 1997 Source Code CD-ROMs
The 9th edition of our Source Code CD will be available at the end of January 1997 with two CD-ROM disks. It has programs, bug fixes, & improvements not on the older Source CDs. It has these packages, & some manuals that are not part of packages. The version number of each package listed might be higher on the 9th edition CD due to new releases being made between now and then.
* acm 4.7 * apache 1.2b2 * Autoconf 2.12 * Automake 1.0 * BASH 1.14.7 * bc 1.03 * Binutils 2.7 * Bison 1.25 * C Library 2.0 * Calc 2.02f * cfengine 1.3.17a * Chess 4.0.pl77 * CLISP 1996.05.30 * Common Lisp 2.2 * cperf 2.1a * cpio 2.4.2 * CVS 1.9 * DejaGnu 1.3 * Diffutils 2.7 * dld 3.3 * doschk 1.1 * ed 0.2 * Elib 1.0 * elisp archive * Emacs 18.59 * Emacs 19.34 * enscript 1.4.0 * es 0.84 * Exim 1.59 * f2c 1996.09.25 * ffcall 1.1 * Fileutils 3.14 * Findutils 4.1 * Finger 1.37 * flex 2.5.4 * Fontutils 0.6 * g77 0.5.19 * GAWK 3.0.1 * gcal 2.10 * GCC/G++/Objective-C 2.7.2.1 * GDB 4.16 * gdbm 1.7.3 * Generic NQS 3.50.2 * geomview 1.6.1 * gettext 0.10 * gforth 0.2.0 * Ghostscript 3.33 * Ghostview 1.5 * Ghostview for Windows 1.0 * GIT 4.3.14 * gmp 2.0.2 * GN 2.24 * Gnans 1.5.1 * gnat 3.05 * GNATS 3.2 * GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual 1.03 * GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual 2.4.2 * GnuGo 1.2 * gnuplot 3.5 * gnuserv 2.1alpha * gnussl 0.2.1 * Graphics 0.17 * grep 2.0 * Groff 1.10 * gzip 1.2.4 * hello 1.3 * hp2xx 3.1.4 * HylaFAX 4.0b018 * Hyperbole 4.01 * ID Utils 3.2 * indent 1.9.1 * Inetutils 1.2 * Ispell 3.1.20 * karma 1.6 * less 321 * libg++ 2.7.2 * libobjects 0.1.19 * lynx 2.6 * m4 1.4 * make 3.75 * MandelSpawn 0.07 * maxima 5.2 * mc 3.2.1 * <Meta-HTML> 5.01 * miscfiles 1.0 * mkisofs 1.05GNU * mm 1.07 * mtools 3.0 * MULE 2.3 * ncurses 1.9.9e * NetHack 3.2.1 * NIHCL 3.1.4 * nvi 1.76 * Oaklisp 930720 * OBST 3.4.3 * Octave 2.0 * Oleo 1.6 * p2c 1.20 * patch 2.1 * perl 4.036 * perl 5.003 * phttpd 0.99.72.1 * pine 3.91 * Programming in Emacs Lisp an Introduction 1.04 * ptx 0.4 * rc 1.4 * RCS 5.7 * readline 2.0 * recode 3.4 * regex 0.12 * rx 1.4 * SAOimage 1.19 * screen 3.7.2 * sed 2.05 * Sharutils 4.2 * Shellutils 1.14 * Shogi 1.2p03 * SIPP 3.1 * smail 3.2 * Smalltalk 1.1.5 * Roxen 1.0 * stow 1.3.2 * Superopt 2.5 * tar 1.11.8 * Termcap 1.3 * Termutils 2.0 * TeX 3.145 * Texinfo 3.9 * Textutils 1.20 * tiff 3.4b035 * Tile Forth 2.1 * time 1.7 * ucblogo 3.4 * UUCP 1.06.1 * W3 2.2.26 * wdiff 0.5 * wget 1.4.2 * windows32api 0.1.2 * WN 1.17.1 * X11R6.3 * xboard 3.4.pl1 * xgrabsc 2.41 * xinfo 1.01.01 * xshogi 1.2p03 * Ygl 3.1
July 1996 Source Code CD-ROMs
We still have copies of the 8th edition of our Source CD with two CD-ROM disks. It has these packages, & some manuals that are not part of packages:
* acm 4.7 * apache 1.1 * Autoconf 2.10 * Automake 1.0 * BASH 1.14.6 * bc 1.03 * Binutils 2.7 * Bison 1.25 * C Library 1.93 * Calc 2.02d * cfengine 1.3.7 * Chess 4.0.pl77 * CLISP 1996.05.30 * Common Lisp 2.2 * cperf 2.1a * cpio 2.4.2 * CVS 1.8.1 * DejaGnu 1.3 * Diffutils 2.7 * dld 3.3 * doschk 1.1 * ed 0.2 * Elib 1.0 * elisp archive * Emacs 18.59 * Emacs 19.31 * Emacs 19.32 * enscript 1.4.0 * es 0.84 * Exim 0.53 * f2c 1996.07.23 * ffcall 1.0 * Fileutils 3.13 * Findutils 4.1 * Finger 1.37 * flex 2.5.3 * Fontutils 0.6 * g77 0.5.18 * GAWK 3.0.0 * gcal 1.01 * GCC/G++/Objective-C 2.7.2 * GCC 2.7.2.1 * GDB 4.16 * gdbm 1.7.3 * Generic NQS 3.50.0 * geomview 1.5.0 * gettext 0.10 * Ghostscript 3.33 * Ghostview 1.5 * Ghostview for Windows 1.0 * GIT 4.3.11 * gmp 2.0.2 * GN 2.24 * Gnans 1.5.1 * gnat 3.05 * GNATS 3.2 * GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual 1.03 * GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual 2.4 * GnuGo 1.2 * gnuplot 3.5 * gnuserv 2.1alpha * gnussl 0.2 * Graphics 0.17 * grep 2.0 * Groff 1.10 * gzip 1.2.4 * hello 1.3 * hp2xx 3.1.4 * HylaFAX 4.0b018 * ID Utils 3.1 * indent 1.9.1 * Inetutils 1.0 * Ispell 3.1.20 * karma 1.4 * less 321 * libg++ 2.7.2 * libobjects 0.1.19 * lynx 2.5 * m4 1.4 * make 3.75 * MandelSpawn 0.07 * maxima 5.2 * mc 3.2.1 * miscfiles 1.0 * mkisofs 1.05GNU * mm 1.07 * mtools 3.0 * MULE 2.3 * ncurses 1.9.9e * NetHack 3.2.1 * NIHCL 3.1.4 * nvi 1.71 * Oaklisp 930720 * OBST 3.4.3 * Octave 1.1.1 * Oleo 1.6 * p2c 1.20 * patch 2.1 * perl 4.036 * perl 5.003 * phttpd 0.99.72.1 * pine 3.91 * Programming in Emacs Lisp an Introduction 1.04 * ptx 0.4 * rc 1.4 * RCS 5.7 * readline 2.0 * regex 0.12 * rx 1.0 * SAOimage 1.18 * screen 3.7.1 * sed 2.05 * Sharutils 4.2 * Shellutils 1.12 * Shogi 1.2p03 * SIPP 3.1 * smail 3.2 * Smalltalk 1.1.1 * Spinner 1.0b14 * Superopt 2.5 * tar 1.11.8 * Termcap 1.3 * Termutils 2.0 * TeX 3.145 * Texinfo 3.7 * Textutils 1.19 * tiff 3.4b035 * Tile Forth 2.1 * time 1.7 * ucblogo 3.3 * UUCP 1.06.1 * W3 2.2.26 * wdiff 0.5 * WN 1.15.3 * X11R6.1 * xboard 3.4.pl1 * xgrabsc 2.41 * xshogi 1.2p03 * Ygl 3.1
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'94) is not available.) Version 1 (October '92) ______ Version 2 (May '93) ______ Version 3 (November '93 - last edition with X11R5) ______ Version 4 (May '94 - first edition with X11R6) ______ Version 6 (June '95) ______ Version 7 (Dec. '95) ______ Version 8 (June '96) ______ Please put the total count and cost of the above older CD-ROMs here: ____ @ $ 80 = $ ______ for corporations and other organizations. ____ @ $ 20 = $ ______ for individuals. ====== Subtotal $ ______ Tax and Shipping Costs ---------------------- + $ ______ For addresses in Massachusetts: add 5% sales tax or give tax exempt number. There is no sales tax on T-shirts. + $ ______ Shipping fee for addresses in Alaska, Hawaii, or Puerto Rico: $ 5.00 base charge; + $ 5.00 for *each* Emacs Calc or Emacs Lisp Reference manual ($ 5.00 * #ofMans); + $ 20.00 for *each* CD-ROM subscription ($20.00 * #ofSubs); + $ 1.00 for *each* item other then the above (shipping for all other items = $ 1.00 * #ofOtherItems). + $ ______ Shipping fee for most Foreign Destinations: (Please do *not* use this formula for addresses in China, Guam, Indonesia, Israel, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, and Thailand. Please fax, or contact us for an exact shipping quote.) $ 20.00 base charge for orders to other addresses outside of U.S., Canada, & Puerto Rico: + $ 10.00 for each item ordered, ($ 10.00 * #ofItems) + $ 80.00 for each CD-ROM subscription ($ 80.00 * #ofSubs) (don't count as an item). + $ ______ Optional (tax-deductible in the U.S.) donation. ------ We suggest 5% if paying by credit card. TOTAL $ ______ We pay for shipping via UPS ground transportation in the contiguous 48 states and Canada. For very large orders, ask about actual shipping costs for that order. Note: The shipping fee for foreign destinations covers express courier shipping. If you would like shipping via air mail, please contact our distribution office for a quote on your order. Shipping Information -------------------- Name: ________________________________________________________________________ Mail Stop/Dept. Name: ________________________________________________________ Organization: ________________________________________________________________ Street Address: ______________________________________________________________ City, State/Province: ________________________________________________________ Zip Code/Postal Code Country: ________________________________________________ Telephone number in case of a problem with your order. For international orders, please include a Fax number. _______________________ E-mail Address: ______________________________________________________________ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | | Orders filled only upon receipt of check, money order, or credit card | | order in U.S. dollars. Unpaid orders will be returned to the sender. | | We do not have the staff to handle the billing of unpaid orders. Please | | help keep our lives simple by including your payment with your order. | | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ For orders from outside the U.S.: --------------------------------- You are responsible for paying all duties, tariffs, and taxes. If you refuse to pay the charges, the shipper will return or abandon the order. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | Please make checks payable to the ``Free Software Foundation''. | | | | Checks must be in U.S. dollars, drawn on a U.S. bank. | | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- For Credit Card Orders: ----------------------- The Free Software Foundation takes these credit cards: Carte Blanche, Diner's Club, JCB, MasterCard, Visa, or American Express. Please note that we are charged about 5% of an order's total amount in credit card processing fees. Please consider paying by check instead, or adding on a 5% donation to make up the difference. To place a credit card order, please give us this information: Card type: ___________________________________________________________________ Account Number: ______________________________________________________________ Expiration Date: _____________________________________________________________ Cardholder's Name: ___________________________________________________________ Cardholder's Signature: ______________________________________________________ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | | If you wish to pay by wire transfer or you are a reseller, please | | contact us or write us for details. | | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ A possibly more current version of this order form can be found on the World Wide Web at `http://www.gnu.ai.mit.edu/order/order.html' or can be found in file `/pub/gnu/GNUinfo/ORDERS' on a GNU FTP host (listed in section How to Get GNU Software). Please mail orders to: Free Software Foundation 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor Boston, MA 02110 PRICES AND CONTENTS MAY CHANGE +1-617-542-5942 WITHOUT NOTICE AFTER July 31, 1997 Fax (including Japan): +1-617-542-2652 Version: January 1997 Info Bull
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