Ebrowse

You can browse C++ class hierarchies from within Emacs by using Ebrowse.

This file documents Ebrowse, a C++ class browser for GNU Emacs.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover Texts being “A GNU Manual,” and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”.

(a) The FSF’s Back-Cover Text is: “You have the freedom to copy and modify this GNU manual.”

1 Introduction
2 Processing Source Files
3 Starting to Browse
4 Tree Buffers
5 Member Buffers
6 Tags-like Functions
Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License
Concept Index

1 Introduction

When working in software projects using C++, I frequently missed software support for two things:

When you get a new class library, or you have to work on source code you haven’t written yourself (or written sufficiently long ago), you need a tool to let you navigate class hierarchies and investigate features of the software. Without such a tool you often end up greping through dozens or even hundreds of files.
Once you are productive, it would be nice to have a tool that knows your sources and can help you while you are editing source code. Imagine to be able to jump to the definition of an identifier while you are editing, or something that can complete long identifier names because it knows what identifiers are defined in your program….

The design of Ebrowse reflects these two needs.

How does it work?

A fast parser written in C is used to process C++ source files. The parser generates a data base containing information about classes, members, global functions, defines, types etc. found in the sources.

The second part of Ebrowse is a Lisp program. This program reads the data base generated by the parser. It displays its contents in various forms and allows you to perform operations on it, or do something with the help of the knowledge contained in the data base.

Navigational use of Ebrowse is centered around two types of buffers which define their own major modes:

Tree buffers are used to view class hierarchies in tree form. They allow you to quickly find classes, find or view class declarations, perform operations like query replace on sets of your source files, and finally tree buffers are used to produce the second buffer form—member buffers. See Tree Buffers.

Members are displayed in member buffers. Ebrowse distinguishes between six different types of members; each type is displayed as a member list of its own:

Instance member variables;
Instance member functions;
Static member variables;
Static member functions;
Friends/Defines. The list of defines is contained in the friends list of the pseudo-class ‘*Globals*’;
Types (enums, and typedefs defined with class scope).

You can switch member buffers from one list to another, or to another class. You can include inherited members in the display, you can set filters that remove categories of members from the display, and most importantly you can find or view member declarations and definitions with a keystroke. See Member Buffers.

These two buffer types and the commands they provide support the navigational use of the browser. The second form resembles Emacs’s Tags package for C and other procedural languages. Ebrowse’s commands of this type are not confined to special buffers; they are most often used while you are editing your source code.

To list just a subset of what you can use the Tags part of Ebrowse for:

Jump to the definition or declaration of an identifier in your source code, with an electric position stack that lets you easily navigate back and forth.
Complete identifiers in your source with a completion list containing identifiers from your source code only.
Perform search and query replace operations over some or all of your source files.
Show all identifiers matching a regular expression—and jump to one of them, if you like.

2 Processing Source Files

Before you can start browsing a class hierarchy, you must run the parser ebrowse on your source files in order to generate a Lisp data base describing your program.

The operation of ebrowse can be tailored with command line options. Under normal circumstances it suffices to let the parser use its default settings. If you want to do that, call it with a command line like:

ebrowse *.h *.cc

or, if your shell doesn’t allow all the file names to be specified on the command line,

ebrowse --files=file

where file contains the names of the files to be parsed, one per line.

When invoked with option ‘--help’, ebrowse prints a list of available command line options.

Specifying Input Files
Changing the Output File Name
Structs and Unions
Regular Expressions
Verbose Mode

2.1 Specifying Input Files

‘file’: Each file name on the command line tells ebrowse to parse that file.
‘--files=file’: This command line switch specifies that file contains a list of file names to parse. Each line in file must contain one file name. More than one option of this kind is allowed. You might, for instance, want to use one file for header files, and another for source files.
‘standard input’: When ebrowse finds no file names on the command line, and no ‘--file’ option is specified, it reads file names from standard input. This is sometimes convenient when ebrowse is used as part of a command pipe.
‘--search-path=paths’: This option lets you specify search paths for your input files. paths is a list of directories, separated by either a colon or a semicolon, depending on the operating system.

It is generally a good idea to specify input files so that header files are parsed before source files. This facilitates the parser’s work of properly identifying friend functions of a class.

2.2 Changing the Output File Name

‘--output-file=file’

This option instructs ebrowse to generate a Lisp data base with name file. By default, the data base is named BROWSE, and is written in the directory in which ebrowse is invoked.

If you regularly use data base names different from the default, you might want to add this to your init file:

(add-to-list 'auto-mode-alist '(NAME . ebrowse-tree-mode))

where NAME is the Lisp data base name you are using.

‘--append’

By default, each run of ebrowse erases the old contents of the output file when writing to it. You can instruct ebrowse to append its output to an existing file produced by ebrowse with this command line option.

2.3 Structs and Unions

‘--no-structs-or-unions’

This switch suppresses all classes in the data base declared as struct or union in the output.

This is mainly useful when you are converting an existing C program to C++, and do not want to see the old C structs in a class tree.

2.4 Regular Expressions

The parser ebrowse normally writes regular expressions to its output file that help the Lisp part of Ebrowse to find functions, variables etc. in their source files.

You can instruct ebrowse to omit these regular expressions by calling it with the command line switch ‘--no-regexps’.

When you do this, the Lisp part of Ebrowse tries to guess, from member or class names, suitable regular expressions to locate that class or member in source files. This works fine in most cases, but the automatic generation of regular expressions can be too weak if unusual coding styles are used.

‘--no-regexps’

This option turns off regular expression recording.

‘--min-regexp-length=n’

The number n following this option specifies the minimum length of the regular expressions recorded to match class and member declarations and definitions. The default value is set at compilation time of ebrowse.

The smaller the minimum length, the higher the probability that Ebrowse will find a wrong match. The larger the value, the larger the output file and therefore the memory consumption once the file is read from Emacs.

‘--max-regexp-length=n’

The number following this option specifies the maximum length of the regular expressions used to match class and member declarations and definitions. The default value is set at compilation time of ebrowse.

The larger the maximum length, the higher the probability that the browser will find a correct match, but the larger the value the larger the output file and therefore the memory consumption once the data is read. As a second effect, the larger the regular expression, the higher the probability that it will no longer match after editing the file.

2.5 Verbose Mode

‘--verbose’: When this option is specified on the command line, ebrowse prints a period for each file parsed, and it displays a ‘+’ for each class written to the output file.
‘--very-verbose’: This option makes ebrowse print out the names of the files and the names of the classes seen.

3 Starting to Browse

You start browsing a class hierarchy parsed by ebrowse by just finding the BROWSE file with C-x C-f.

An example of a tree buffer display is shown below.

|  Collection
|    IndexedCollection
|      Array
|        FixedArray
|    Set
|    Dictionary

When you run Emacs on a display which supports colors and the mouse, you will notice that certain areas in the tree buffer are highlighted when you move the mouse over them. This highlight marks mouse-sensitive regions in the buffer. Please notice the help strings in the echo area when the mouse moves over a sensitive region.

A click with mouse-3 on a mouse-sensitive region opens a context menu. In addition to this, each buffer also has a buffer-specific menu that is opened with a click with mouse-3 somewhere in the buffer where no highlight is displayed.

4 Tree Buffers

Class trees are displayed in tree buffers which install their own major mode. Most Emacs keys work in tree buffers in the usual way, e.g., you can move around in the buffer with the usual C-f, C-v etc., or you can search with C-s.

Tree-specific commands are bound to simple keystrokes, similar to Gnus. You can take a look at the key bindings by entering ? which calls M-x describe-mode in both tree and member buffers.

Viewing and Finding Class Declarations
Displaying Members
Finding a Class
Burying a Tree Buffer
Displaying File Names
Expanding and Collapsing a Tree
Changing the Tree Indentation
Removing Classes from the Tree
Saving a Tree
Statistics
Marking Classes

4.1 Viewing and Finding Class Declarations

You can view or find a class declaration when the cursor is on a class name.

SPC: This command views the class declaration if the database contains information about it. If you don’t parse the entire source you are working on, some classes will only be known to exist but the location of their declarations and definitions will not be known.
RET: Works like SPC, except that it finds the class declaration rather than viewing it, so that it is ready for editing.

The same functionality is available from the menu opened with mouse-3 on the class name.

4.2 Displaying Members

Ebrowse distinguishes six different kinds of members, each of which is displayed as a separate member list: instance variables, instance functions, static variables, static functions, friend functions, and types.

Each of these lists can be displayed in a member buffer with a command starting with L when the cursor is on a class name. By default, there is only one member buffer named *Members* that is reused each time you display a member list—this has proven to be more practical than to clutter up the buffer list with dozens of member buffers.

If you want to display more than one member list at a time you can freeze its member buffer. Freezing a member buffer prevents it from being overwritten the next time you display a member list. You can toggle this buffer status at any time.

Every member list display command in the tree buffer can be used with a prefix argument (C-u). Without a prefix argument, the command will pop to a member buffer displaying the member list. With prefix argument, the member buffer will additionally be frozen.

L v: This command displays the list of instance member variables.
L V: Display the list of static variables.
L d: Display the list of friend functions. This list is used for defines if you are viewing the class ‘*Globals*’ which is a place holder for global symbols.
L f: Display the list of member functions.
L F: Display the list of static member functions.
L t: Display a list of types.

These lists are also available from the class’ context menu invoked with mouse-3 on the class name.

4.3 Finding a Class

/

This command reads a class name from the minibuffer with completion and positions the cursor on the class in the class tree.

If the branch of the class tree containing the class searched for is currently collapsed, the class itself and all its base classes are recursively made visible. (See also Expanding and Collapsing a Tree.)

This function is also available from the tree buffer’s context menu.

n

Repeat the last search done with /. Each tree buffer has its own local copy of the regular expression last searched in it.

4.4 Burying a Tree Buffer

q: Is a synonym for M-x bury-buffer.

4.5 Displaying File Names

T f

This command toggles the display of file names in a tree buffer. If file name display is switched on, the names of the files containing the class declaration are shown to the right of the class names. If the file is not known, the string ‘unknown’ is displayed.

This command is also provided in the tree buffer’s context menu.

s

Display file names for the current line, or for the number of lines given by a prefix argument.

Here is an example of a tree buffer with file names displayed.

|  Collection           (unknown)
|    IndexedCollection  (indexedcltn.h)
|      Array            (array.h)
|        FixedArray     (fixedarray.h)
|    Set                (set.h)
|    Dictionary         (dict.h)

4.6 Expanding and Collapsing a Tree

You can expand and collapse parts of a tree to reduce the complexity of large class hierarchies. Expanding or collapsing branches of a tree has no impact on the functionality of other commands, like /. (See also Finding a Class.)

Collapsed branches are indicated with an ellipsis following the class name like in the example below.

|  Collection
|    IndexedCollection...
|    Set
|    Dictionary

-: This command collapses the branch of the tree starting at the class the cursor is on.
+: This command expands the branch of the tree starting at the class the cursor is on. Both commands for collapsing and expanding branches are also available from the class’ object menu.
*: This command expands all collapsed branches in the tree.

4.7 Changing the Tree Indentation

T w: This command reads a new indentation width from the minibuffer and redisplays the tree buffer with the new indentation It is also available from the tree buffer’s context menu.

4.8 Removing Classes from the Tree

C-k: This command removes the class the cursor is on and all its derived classes from the tree. The user is asked for confirmation before the deletion is actually performed.

4.9 Saving a Tree

C-x C-s: This command writes a class tree to the file from which it was read. This is useful after classes have been deleted from a tree.
C-x C-w: Writes the tree to a file whose name is read from the minibuffer.

4.10 Statistics

x: Display statistics for the tree, like number of classes in it, number of member functions, etc. This command can also be found in the buffer’s context menu.

4.11 Marking Classes

Classes can be marked for operations similar to the standard Emacs commands M-x tags-search and M-x tags-query-replace (see also see Tags-like Functions.)

M t: Toggle the mark of the line point is in or for as many lines as given by a prefix command. This command can also be found in the class’ context menu.
M a: Unmark all classes. With prefix argument C-u, mark all classes in the tree. Since this command operates on the whole buffer, it can also be found in the buffer’s object menu.

Marked classes are displayed with an > in column one of the tree display, like in the following example

|> Collection
|    IndexedCollection...
|>   Set
|    Dictionary

5 Member Buffers

Member buffers are used to operate on lists of members of a class. Ebrowse distinguishes six kinds of lists:

Instance variables (normal member variables);
Instance functions (normal member functions);
Static variables;
Static member functions;
Friend functions;
Types (enums and typedefs defined with class scope. Nested classes will be shown in the class tree like normal classes.

Like tree buffers, member buffers install their own major mode. Also like in tree buffers, menus are provided for certain areas in the buffer: members, classes, and the buffer itself.

Switching Member Lists
Finding and Viewing Member Source
Display of Inherited Members
Searching Members
Switching to Tree Buffer
Filters
Displaying Member Attributes
Long and Short Member Display
Display of Regular Expressions
Displaying Another Class
Burying a Member Buffer
Setting the Column Width
Forced Redisplay
Getting Help

5.1 Switching Member Lists

L n: This command switches the member buffer display to the next member list.
L p: This command switches the member buffer display to the previous member list.
L f: Switch to the list of member functions.
L F: Switch to the list of static member functions.
L v: Switch to the list of member variables.
L V: Switch to the list of static member variables.
L d: Switch to the list of friends or defines.
L t: Switch to the list of types.

Both commands cycle through the member list.

Most of the commands are also available from the member buffer’s context menu.

5.2 Finding and Viewing Member Source

RET: This command finds the definition of the member the cursor is on. Finding involves roughly the same as the standard Emacs tags facility does—loading the file and searching for a regular expression matching the member.
f: This command finds the declaration of the member the cursor is on.
SPC: This is the same command as RET, but views the member definition instead of finding the member’s source file.
v: This is the same command as f, but views the member’s declaration instead of finding the file the declaration is in.

You can install a hook function to perform actions after a member or class declaration or definition has been found, or when it is not found.

All the commands described above can also be found in the context menu displayed when clicking mouse-2 on a member name.

5.3 Display of Inherited Members

D b: This command toggles the display of inherited members in the member buffer. This is also in the buffer’s context menu.

5.4 Searching Members

G v

Position the cursor on a member whose name is read from the minibuffer; only members shown in the current member buffer appear in the completion list.

G m

Like the above command, but all members for the current class appear in the completion list. If necessary, the current member list is switched to the one containing the member.

With a prefix argument (C-u), all members in the class tree, i.e., all members the browser knows about appear in the completion list. The member display will be switched to the class and member list containing the member.

G n

Repeat the last member search.

Look into the buffer’s context menu for a convenient way to do this with a mouse.

5.5 Switching to Tree Buffer

TAB: Pop up the tree buffer to which the member buffer belongs.
t: Do the same as TAB but also position the cursor on the class displayed in the member buffer.

5.6 Filters

F a u: This command toggles the display of public members. The ‘a’ stands for “access”.
F a o: This command toggles the display of protected members.
F a i: This command toggles the display of private members.
F v: This command toggles the display of virtual members.
F i: This command toggles the display of inline members.
F c: This command toggles the display of const members.
F p: This command toggles the display of pure virtual members.
F r: This command removes all filters.

These commands are also found in the buffer’s context menu.

5.7 Displaying Member Attributes

D a

Toggle the display of member attributes (default is on).

The nine member attributes Ebrowse knows about are displayed as a list a single-characters flags enclosed in angle brackets in front the of the member’s name. A ‘-’ at a given position means that the attribute is false. The list of attributes from left to right is

‘T’: The member is a template.
‘C’: The member is declared extern "C".
‘v’: Means the member is declared virtual.
‘i’: The member is declared inline.
‘c’: The member is const.
‘0’: The member is a pure virtual function.
‘m’: The member is declared mutable.
‘e’: The member is declared explicit.
‘t’: The member is a function with a throw list.

This command is also in the buffer’s context menu.

5.8 Long and Short Member Display

D l

This command toggles the member buffer between short and long display form. The short display form displays member names, only:

| isEmpty        contains       hasMember      create
| storeSize      hash           isEqual        restoreGuts
| saveGuts

The long display shows one member per line with member name and regular expressions matching the member (if known):

| isEmpty               Bool isEmpty () const...
| hash                  unsigned hash () const...
| isEqual               int isEqual (...

Regular expressions will only be displayed when the Lisp database has not been produced with the ebrowse option ‘--no-regexps’. See Regular Expressions.

5.9 Display of Regular Expressions

D r: This command toggles the long display form from displaying the regular expressions matching the member declarations to those expressions matching member definitions.

Regular expressions will only be displayed when the Lisp database has not been produced with the ebrowse option ‘--no-regexps’, see Regular Expressions.

5.10 Displaying Another Class

C c: This command lets you switch the member buffer to another class. It reads the name of the new class from the minibuffer with completion.
C b: This is the same command as C c but restricts the classes shown in the completion list to immediate base classes, only. If only one base class exists, this one is immediately shown in the minibuffer.
C d: Same as C b, but for derived classes.
C p: Switch to the previous class in the class hierarchy on the same level as the class currently displayed.
C n: Switch to the next sibling of the class in the class tree.

5.11 Burying a Member Buffer

q: This command is a synonym for M-x bury-buffer.

5.12 Setting the Column Width

D w: This command sets the column width depending on the display form used (long or short display).

5.13 Forced Redisplay

C-l: This command forces a redisplay of the member buffer. If the width of the window displaying the member buffer is changed this command redraws the member list with the appropriate column widths and number of columns.

5.14 Getting Help

?: This key is bound to describe-mode.

6 Tags-like Functions

Ebrowse provides tags functions similar to those of the standard Emacs Tags facility, but better suited to the needs of C++ programmers.

Finding and Viewing Members
The Position Stack
Searching and Replacing
Members in Files
Member Apropos
Symbol Completion
Quick Member Display

6.1 Finding and Viewing Members

The functions in this section are similar to those described in Viewing and Finding Class Declarations, and also in Finding and Viewing Member Source, except that they work in a C++ source buffer, not in member and tree buffers created by Ebrowse.

C-c C-m f

Find the definition of the member around point. If you invoke this function with a prefix argument, the declaration is searched.

If more than one class contains a member with the given name you can select the class with completion. If there is a scope declaration in front of the member name, this class name is used as initial input for the completion.

C-c C-m F

Find the declaration of the member around point.

C-c C-m v

View the definition of the member around point.

C-c C-m V

View the declaration of the member around point.

C-c C-m 4 f

Find a member’s definition in another window.

C-c C-m 4 F

Find a member’s declaration in another window.

C-c C-m 4 v

View a member’s definition in another window.

C-c C-m 4 V

View a member’s declaration in another window.

C-c C-m 5 f

Find a member’s definition in another frame.

C-c C-m 5 F

Find a member’s declaration in another frame.

C-c C-m 5 v

View a member’s definition in another frame.

C-c C-m 5 V

View a member’s declaration in another frame.

6.2 The Position Stack

When jumping to a member declaration or definition with one of Ebrowse’s commands, the position from where you performed the jump and the position where you jumped to are recorded in a position stack. There are several ways in which you can quickly move to positions in the stack:

C-c C-m -

This command sets point to the previous position in the position stack. Directly after you performed a jump, this will put you back to the position where you came from.

The stack is not popped, i.e., you can always switch back and forth between positions in the stack. To avoid letting the stack grow to infinite size there is a maximum number of positions defined. When this number is reached, older positions are discarded when new positions are pushed on the stack.

C-c C-m +

This command moves forward in the position stack, setting point to the next position stored in the position stack.

C-c C-m p

Displays an electric buffer showing all positions saved in the stack. You can select a position by pressing SPC in a line. You can view a position with v.

6.3 Searching and Replacing

Ebrowse allows you to perform operations on all or a subset of the files mentioned in a class tree. When you invoke one of the following functions and more than one class tree is loaded, you must choose a class tree to use from an electric tree menu. If the selected tree contains marked classes, the following commands operate on the files mentioned in the marked classes only. Otherwise all files in the class tree are used.

C-c C-m s: This function performs a regular expression search in the chosen set of files.
C-c C-m u: This command performs a search for calls of a given member which is selected in the usual way with completion.
C-c C-m %: Perform a query replace over the set of files.
C-c C-m ,: All three operations above stop when finding a match. You can restart the operation with this command.
C-c C-m n: This restarts the last tags operation with the next file in the list.

6.4 Members in Files

The command C-c C-m l, lists all members in a given file. The file name is read from the minibuffer with completion.

6.5 Member Apropos

The command C-c C-m a can be used to display all members matching a given regular expression. This command can be very useful if you remember only part of a member name, and not its beginning.

A special buffer is popped up containing all identifiers matching the regular expression, and what kind of symbol it is (e.g., a member function, or a type). You can then switch to this buffer, and use the command C-c C-m f, for example, to jump to a specific member.

6.6 Symbol Completion

The command C-c C-m TAB completes the symbol in front of point.

6.7 Quick Member Display

You can quickly display a member buffer containing the member the cursor in on with the command C-c C-m m.

Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License

Version 1.3, 3 November 2008

Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
https://fsf.org/

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

PREAMBLE
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We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
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VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies.
COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document’s license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.

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MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
1. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
2. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement.
3. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher.
4. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
5. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.
6. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
7. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document’s license notice.
8. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
9. Preserve the section Entitled “History”, Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled “History” in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.
10. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the “History” section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
11. For any section Entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”, Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
12. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
13. Delete any section Entitled “Endorsements”. Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version.
14. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled “Endorsements” or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
15. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version’s license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.

You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.

You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.

The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled “History” in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled “History”; likewise combine any sections Entitled “Acknowledgements”, and any sections Entitled “Dedications”. You must delete all sections Entitled “Endorsements.”
COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.

You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an “aggregate” if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation’s users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.

If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document’s Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.
TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, or “History”, the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.
TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.

However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.

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Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does not give you any rights to use it.
FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See https://www.gnu.org/licenses/.

Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that proxy’s public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
RELICENSING
“Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site” (or “MMC Site”) means any World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A “Massive Multiauthor Collaboration” (or “MMC”) contained in the site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.

“CC-BY-SA” means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license published by that same organization.

“Incorporate” means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in part, as part of another Document.

An MMC is “eligible for relicensing” if it is licensed under this License, and if all works that were first published under this License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.

The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.

ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:

  Copyright (C)  year  your name.
  Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
  under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
  or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
  with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
  Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
  Free Documentation License''.

If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the “with…Texts.” line with this:

    with the Invariant Sections being list their titles, with
    the Front-Cover Texts being list, and with the Back-Cover Texts
    being list.

If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.

Concept Index

Jump to:	* - A B C D E F H I K L M N O P R S T U V

	Index Entry	Section

*
	‘`Globals`’:	Member Display
	`Members` buffer:	Member Display

-
	`--append`:	Output file
	`--files`:	Input files
	`--help`:	Generating browser files
	`--max-regexp-length`:	Matching
	`--min-regexp-length`:	Matching
	`--no-regexps`:	Matching
	`--no-structs-or-unions`:	Structs and unions
	`--output-file`:	Output file
	`--search-path`:	Input files
	`--verbose`:	Verbosity
	`--very-verbose`:	Verbosity

A
	appending output to class data base:	Output file
	apropos on class members:	Apropos
	attributes:	Attributes

B
	base class, display:	Switching Classes
	base classes, members:	Inherited Members
	branches of class tree:	Expanding and Collapsing
	`BROWSE` file:	Output file
	browsing:	Loading a Tree
	buffer switching:	Switching to Tree
	burying member buffers:	Killing/Burying
	burying tree buffer:	Quitting

C
	class data base creation:	Generating browser files
	class declaration:	Source Display
	class display:	Switching Classes
	class location:	Go to Class
	class members, types:	Member Buffers
	class statistics:	Statistics
	class tree, collapse or expand:	Expanding and Collapsing
	class tree, save to a file:	Saving a Tree
	class trees:	Tree Buffers
	class, remove from tree:	Killing Classes
	collapse tree branch:	Expanding and Collapsing
	column width:	Column Width
	command line for `ebrowse`:	Generating browser files
	completion:	Symbol Completion
	`const` attribute:	Attributes
	`const` members:	Filters
	context menu:	Loading a Tree

D
	declaration of a member, in member buffers:	Finding/Viewing
	defines:	Switching Member Lists
	definition of a member, in member buffers:	Finding/Viewing
	derived class, display:	Switching Classes
	display form:	Long and Short Display

E
	`ebrowse`, the program:	Generating browser files
	expand tree branch:	Expanding and Collapsing
	expanding branches:	Go to Class
	`explicit` attribute:	Attributes
	`extern "C"` attribute:	Attributes

F
	file names in tree buffers:	File Name Display
	file, members:	Members in Files
	files:	Members in Files
	filters:	Filters
	finding a class:	Source Display
	finding class member, in C++ source:	Finding and Viewing
	finding members, in member buffers:	Finding/Viewing
	freezing a member buffer:	Member Display
	friend functions:	Input files
	friend functions, list:	Member Display
	friends:	Switching Member Lists

H
	header files:	Input files
	help:	Getting Help

I
	indentation of the tree:	Tree Indentation
	indentation, member:	Column Width
	inherited members:	Inherited Members
	`inline`:	Attributes
	`inline` members:	Filters
	input files, for `ebrowse`:	Input files
	instance member variables, list:	Member Display

K
	killing classes:	Killing Classes

L
	list class members in a file:	Members in Files
	loading:	Loading a Tree
	locate class:	Go to Class
	long display:	Long and Short Display

M
	major modes, of Ebrowse buffers:	Overview
	marking classes:	Marking Classes
	maximum regexp length for recording:	Matching
	member attribute display:	Attributes
	member buffer:	Overview
	member buffer mode:	Member Buffers
	member buffer, for member at point:	Member Buffer Display
	member declaration, finding, in C++ source:	Finding and Viewing
	member declarations, in member buffers:	Finding/Viewing
	member definition, finding, in C++ source:	Finding and Viewing
	member definitions, in member buffers:	Finding/Viewing
	member functions, list:	Member Display
	member indentation:	Column Width
	member lists, in member buffers:	Switching Member Lists
	member lists, in tree buffers:	Member Display
	members:	Member Buffers
	members in file, listing:	Members in Files
	members, matching regexp:	Apropos
	minimum regexp length for recording:	Matching
	mouse highlight in tree buffers:	Loading a Tree
	`mutable` attribute:	Attributes

N
	next member list:	Switching Member Lists

O
	operations on marked classes:	Marking Classes
	output file name:	Output file

P
	parser for C++ sources:	Overview
	position stack:	Position Stack
	previous member list:	Switching Member Lists
	`private` members:	Filters
	`protected` members:	Filters
	`public` members:	Filters
	pure virtual function attribute:	Attributes
	pure virtual members:	Filters

R
	redisplay of member buffers:	Redisplay
	regular expression display:	Regexp Display
	regular expressions, recording:	Matching
	remove filters:	Filters
	replacing in multiple C++ files:	Search & Replace
	response files:	Input files
	restart tags-operation:	Search & Replace
	return to original position:	Position Stack

S
	save tree to a file:	Saving a Tree
	search for class:	Go to Class
	searching members:	Searching Members
	searching multiple C++ files:	Search & Replace
	short display:	Long and Short Display
	standard input, specifying input files:	Input files
	static:	Switching Member Lists
	static member functions, list:	Member Display
	static members:	Switching Member Lists
	static variables, list:	Member Display
	statistics for a tree:	Statistics
	structs:	Structs and unions
	subclass, display:	Switching Classes
	superclass, display:	Switching Classes
	superclasses, members:	Inherited Members
	switching buffers:	Switching to Tree
	symbol completion:	Symbol Completion

T
	tags:	Finding and Viewing
	`template` attribute:	Attributes
	toggle mark:	Marking Classes
	tree buffer:	Overview
	tree buffer mode:	Tree Buffers
	tree buffer, switch to:	Switching to Tree
	tree indentation:	Tree Indentation
	tree statistics:	Statistics
	tree, save to a file:	Saving a Tree
	types:	Switching Member Lists
	types of class members:	Member Buffers
	types, list:	Member Display

U
	unions:	Structs and unions
	unmark all:	Marking Classes

V
	verbose operation:	Verbosity
	viewing class member, in C++ source:	Finding and Viewing
	viewing members, in member buffers:	Finding/Viewing
	viewing, class:	Source Display
	`virtual` attribute:	Attributes
	`virtual` members:	Filters

Jump to:	* - A B C D E F H I K L M N O P R S T U V