16.1.1 Legal issues

This section owes a great deal to Charles Bigelow (co-designer with Kris Holmes of the Lucida typeface family), who has generously answered our many queries about fonts and the law around the world with remarkable patience and understanding. (But he is naturally not responsible for any errors here, much less our opinions.)

Fonts have always been treated rather strangely under the law, as befits their rather strange nature: letterforms are indivisibly both useful and artistic. In most countries, and in all countries until recently, utility has taken precedence; i.e., it has been legal to copy fonts without permission or fee (the sitation that the Free Software Foundation hopes will obtain for software).

In any case, to the best of our knowledge, the situation in those countries which have any sort of typeface protection is as follows:

United States

Typeface designs can be patented, but not copyrighted. Only a few designs have been patented. (Lucida and Stone are the only ones we know of. We don't know what the grounds were for patenting Stone, but Lucida had some novel features in its design which make it reasonable to patent, if one accepts the patent system in the first place.)

Particular programs which instantiate a font can be copyrighted just as any other computer program can. This is arguably wrong, since font programs are nothing but a description of the shapes, possibly with some simple hints, and there's only one basic way to describe the shapes in any given language. Thus, the creativity lies in making the shape right, not in making the computer program right, so it would seem that to be consistent, the copyright laws should protect the design, not the program--the opposite of the current situation.

Germany

Typeface designs have been copyrightable as original works of art since 1981. The law passed then was not retroactive, however, German courts have upheld the intellectual property rights of font designers even for earlier cases. In one case the heirs of Paul Bauer (designer of Futura) sued the Bauer foundry for arbitrarily discontinuing a portion of their royalties, and won.

Since 1981, many (perhaps most) designs have been copyrighted in Germany.

England

A copyright law passed in 1989 covers typeface designs first published in England (or published in Britain within 30 days of its publication elsewhere), and it is (unbelievably foolishly) retroactive. It's unclear how far back the law extends, but Times Roman, designed in the late 1920's and 1930's by Stanley Morison and cut by Victor Lardent for Monotype is probably covered. This does not mean GNU cannot have a Times Roman; it just means we cannot start with an English version, as the law does not forbid importing foreign versions of English typefaces.

France

The Romain du Roi typeface designed by Philippe Grandjean in 1702 for the French royal family is protected, and perhaps other such "royal" designs. Since these are not widely used anyway, it's not important that GNU provide them.

In 1973 the international Vienna treaty on typeface design protection was proposed. France ratified it in 1974 or 1975, and Germany in 1981. The English law might constitute ratification, but this has not been settled. In any case, since at least four countries have to ratify it before it takes effect (and even then it takes effect only in those countries which ratify it), it is still of no consequence for now.