Scheme is a dynamically-typed language; this means that the system cannot, in general, determine the type of a given expression at compile time. Types only become apparent at run time. Variables do not have fixed types; a variable may hold a pair at one point, an integer at the next, and a thousand-element vector later. Instead, values, not variables, have fixed types.
In order to implement standard Scheme functions like pair?
and
string?
and provide garbage collection, the representation of
every value must contain enough information to accurately determine its
type at run time. Often, Scheme systems also use this information to
determine whether a program has attempted to apply an operation to an
inappropriately typed value (such as taking the car
of a string).
Because variables, pairs, and vectors may hold values of any type, Scheme implementations use a uniform representation for values — a single type large enough to hold either a complete value or a pointer to a complete value, along with the necessary typing information.
In Guile, this uniform representation of all Scheme values is the C type
SCM
. This is an opaque type and its size is typically equivalent
to that of a pointer to void
. Thus, SCM
values can be
passed around efficiently and they take up reasonably little storage on
their own.
The most important rule is: You never access a SCM
value
directly; you only pass it to functions or macros defined in libguile.
As an obvious example, although a SCM
variable can contain
integers, you can of course not compute the sum of two SCM
values
by adding them with the C +
operator. You must use the libguile
function scm_sum
.
Less obvious and therefore more important to keep in mind is that you
also cannot directly test SCM
values for trueness. In Scheme,
the value #f
is considered false and of course a SCM
variable can represent that value. But there is no guarantee that the
SCM
representation of #f
looks false to C code as well.
You need to use scm_is_true
or scm_is_false
to test a
SCM
value for trueness or falseness, respectively.
You also can not directly compare two SCM
values to find out
whether they are identical (that is, whether they are eq?
in
Scheme terms). You need to use scm_is_eq
for this.
The one exception is that you can directly assign a SCM
value to
a SCM
variable by using the C =
operator.
The following (contrived) example shows how to do it right. It implements a function of two arguments (a and flag) that returns a+1 if flag is true, else it returns a unchanged.
SCM my_incrementing_function (SCM a, SCM flag) { SCM result; if (scm_is_true (flag)) result = scm_sum (a, scm_from_int (1)); else result = a; return result; }
Often, you need to convert between SCM
values and appropriate C
values. For example, we needed to convert the integer 1
to its
SCM
representation in order to add it to a. Libguile
provides many function to do these conversions, both from C to
SCM
and from SCM
to C.
The conversion functions follow a common naming pattern: those that make
a SCM
value from a C value have names of the form
scm_from_type (…)
and those that convert a SCM
value to a C value use the form scm_to_type (…)
.
However, it is best to avoid converting values when you can. When you
must combine C values and SCM
values in a computation, it is
often better to convert the C values to SCM
values and do the
computation by using libguile functions than to the other way around
(converting SCM
to C and doing the computation some other way).
As a simple example, consider this version of
my_incrementing_function
from above:
SCM my_other_incrementing_function (SCM a, SCM flag) { int result; if (scm_is_true (flag)) result = scm_to_int (a) + 1; else result = scm_to_int (a); return scm_from_int (result); }
This version is much less general than the original one: it will only
work for values A that can fit into a int
. The original
function will work for all values that Guile can represent and that
scm_sum
can understand, including integers bigger than long
long
, floating point numbers, complex numbers, and new numerical types
that have been added to Guile by third-party libraries.
Also, computing with SCM
is not necessarily inefficient. Small
integers will be encoded directly in the SCM
value, for example,
and do not need any additional memory on the heap. See Data Representation to find out the details.
Some special SCM
values are available to C code without needing
to convert them from C values:
Scheme value | C representation |
#f | SCM_BOOL_F |
#t | SCM_BOOL_T |
() | SCM_EOL |
In addition to SCM
, Guile also defines the related type
scm_t_bits
. This is an unsigned integral type of sufficient
size to hold all information that is directly contained in a
SCM
value. The scm_t_bits
type is used internally by
Guile to do all the bit twiddling explained in Data Representation, but
you will encounter it occasionally in low-level user code as well.