typefortuneEste es el manual de GNU Typist (versión 2.9.3, 4 June 2013), un programa para aprender a mecanografiar en varios idiomas y con distintas disposiciones de teclado.
Copyright © 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2011, 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Copyright © de la traducción 2010-11, TMJQ, SL.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”.
GNU Typist es un tutor interactivo de mecanografiado que ayuda a escribir correctamente. Tiene varias lecciones para diversas disposiciones de teclado y en diferentes idiomas. Las lecciones de gtypist se describen en un lenguaje de script de fácil aprendizaje que el usuario puede emplear para modificar las lecciones existentes o crear nuevas.
GNU Typist (o gtypist) es software libre; esto significa que cualquier persona es libre de usarlo y libre de redistribuirlo bajo ciertas condiciones. Las condiciones precisas se establecen en la Licencia General Pública de GNU que viene con este programa y sigue a esta sección.
GNU Typist se puede obtener de un amigo o de Internet:
http://gnu.manticore.es/paginas-replica/gtypist/gtypist.es.html
http://www.manticore.es/cgi-bin/info2html.cgi?(gtypist.es-utf8)Top
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GNU Typist es un programa tutor interactivo de mecanografiado. Emplea un fichero de entrada para crear una serie de tutorías de mecanografiado, ejercicios y pruebas de velocidad. Está pensado para su uso en terminales sin gráficos. Ha sido compilado y usado en GNU/Linux y Unix (OpenBSD, AIX, Solaris) y también en DOS/Windows (DOS 6.22, Windows 95, 98, NT y XP).
El programa lee lecciones escritas en un lenguaje de script de fácil aprendizaje. Se distribuye con unas cuantas lecciones completas y de calidad. Se pueden usar como están, modificarlas o crear lecciones nuevas (véase Lecciones nuevas y véase Sintaxis de las lecciones).
Si no se especifica un fichero de script en la línea de comandos, se usará uno predeterminado gtypist.typ. (Véanse los detalles acerca de la ruta en la sección véase Variables de entorno).
La línea superior de la pantalla muestra una leyenda. La línea inferior muestra una línea de mensaje, consultas y otra información de estado. Las líneas intermedias se usan para las tutorías, los ejercicios y las pruebas de velocidad.
Existen dos tipos de ejercicios de tecleado: entrenamientos y pruebas de velocidad.
En un entrenamiento, gtypist muestra texto cada dos líneas de la pantalla y espera que el usuario teclee correctamente el mismo texto exacto en las líneas intermedias. Los errores de mecanografiado se indican con un ‘^’ inverso, o ‘>’ si el carácter es un salto de línea y al final del ejercicio calcula la tasa real y efectiva de palabras por minuto (WPM). Si hubiera demasiados errores, se re-ejecutará el entrenamiento.
No se permite la corrección de errores cometidos.
En las pruebas de velocidad, gtypist muestra texto en la pantalla, y espera a que el usuario sobre-escriba correctamente el mismo texto exacto. Indica los errores mecanográficos y al final de la prueba calcula la tasa real y efectiva en WPM. Si hubiera demasiados errores, se re-ejecuta la prueba de velocidad. Se permite la corrección de errores cometidos, pero aún así se acumulan.
Si ya se han cometido demasiadas equivocaciones, se puede usar ESC para salir y comenzar de nuevo. La manera de saltarse una lección es presionar dos veces ESC. Cuando se completa una lección, se le pregunta al usuario si quiere repetirla.
También hay unos ejercicios de “sólo prácticas” (tanto entrenamientos como pruebas de velocidad) que no se querrán repetir. Pero no decimos cuándo se presentan, así que habrá que seguir intentando superarse ;-)
En los informes de velocidad de escritura, se considera que una palabra tiene cinco caracteres, así que las WPM son el número de caracteres del pasaje de la prueba dividido por cinco y nuevamente dividido por la cantidad de minutos transcurridos en su escritura. Cada error se cuenta como una palabra mal escrita.
Si se prefiere, la velocidad se puede mostrar en Pulsaciones por Minuto (CPM) (caracteres por minuto, en inglés). Esto se puede especificar con “–scoring=cpm” en la línea de comandos.
[NdT: en España nunca he oído hablar de “palabras por minuto”, siempre de “pulsaciones por minuto”. La obligación de especificar esa opción en la línea de comandos es engorrosa para aquellos que sólo cuentan ppm. Lo propio es que hubiera un fichero de configuración o alguna otra vía para elegir de manera permanente.]
La sintaxis para invocar GNU Typist es:
gtypist [ Opciones... ] [ fichero ]
A continuación se dan las opciones existentes (su forma larga no se admite en DOS):
-e, --max-errorEspecifica el porcentaje de error máximo. El valor predeterminado es 3.0 y debe estar entre 0.0 y 100.0. Existe un comando de fichero de script (véase Sintaxis de las lecciones) que sólo sobre-escribe esto si es estrictamente (menor). Este valor se ignora en los ejercicios de “sólo práctica”.
-n, --notimerGtypist muestra la velocidad de escritura en WPM después de los tests de prácticas y de velocidad. Sin embargo, las lecciones parecen haber sido escritas para un programa que sólo hace esto para tests de velocidad. Para hacer que gtypist se comporte de manera que concuerde con las lecciones, esto es, para suprimir los informes de WPM en las prácticas, se usa -n o --notimer.
-t, --term-cursorGtypist crea su propio cursor parpadeante de bloque en la pantalla, para ayudar a distinguir entre el cursor y las indicaciones de error de vídeo inverso. Si se establece -t o --term-cursor se suprime esto y fuerza al programa a usar el cursor de la terminal.
-f, --curs-flashEstablece el periodo de parpadeo del cursor de bloque en décimas de segundo. El valor 0 indica que no haya parpadeo. El predeterminado es 10 y el máximo 512. Esta opción queda ignorada si se han establecido -t o --term-cursor.
-c, --colo[u]rsEn su estado normal, gtypist sólo usa atributos de vídeo normal e inverso en modo monocromo. Esta opción se puede usar para especificar en este orden los colores delantero y de fondo en terminales que admitan colores. Estos se especifican como dos enteros, en el intervalo entre 0 y 7, separados por comas. Los códigos de color del 0 al 7 indican negro, rojo, verde, amarillo, azul, magenta, cian y blanco, respectivamente. La cadena de colores predeterminada es 7,0 (blanco sobre negro). Se ignora esta opción si la terminal no admite colores.
-s, --silentCuando gtypist detecta un error mecanográfico, sonará la terminal. Esta opción se usa para silenciarla.
-q, --quietLo mismo que -s o --silent.
-l, --start-labelEspecifica la etiqueta del fichero de script en la que gtypist comienza la ejecución (hay información acerca de las etiquetas más abajo, donde se habla de los ficheros de script y de los comandos). Si esta opción no se usa, gtypist comienza la ejecución en la primera línea del fichero.
-w, --word-processorCon esta opción, gtypist procura imitar a los procesadores de texto en ciertas maneras cuando ejecuta un ejercicio. Tratará el espacio al final de una línea como un carácter tecleado correctamente y con ajuste de párrafo. Tratará la tecla Retorno al final de una línea como señal de que se mueva al comienzo del siguiente párrafo si fuera de aplicación. Comprimirá los espacios múltiples en uno solo. Y se saltará sobre los guiones que encuentre al final de línea.
-k, --no-skipProhíbe al usuario saltarse las lecciones o salir de ellas por medio de ESC ESC.
-i, --show-errorsResalta los errores con vídeo inverso.
-S, --always-sureSalta las preguntas de confirmación.
--banner-colo[u]rsCambia el color de las leyendas situadas en la parte superior de la pantalla. Los valores de color son los mismos que los del comando –colo[u]rs. El predeterminado es 0,6,5,1; delantero en negro, fondo en cian, nombre de programa en magenta y nombre de la versión en rojo.
--scoringCambia la manera de medición. Puede ser WPM y CPM, siendo la predeterminada la WPM.
También se puede establecer la variable de entorno LANG si se
desea ejecutar gtypist en el idioma nativo. Véase Variables de entorno.
En algunos idiomas como el español, los mensajes de la interfaz suelen ser más largos que en inglés. Por tanto, quizás sea necesario agrandar la terminal antes de invocar el programa. De lo contrario, el texto de abajo a la izquierda puede solaparse con la cadena de abajo a la derecha.
Ejemplos:
Para ejecutar las lecciones predeterminadas gtypist.typ:
gtypist
Para ejecutar la lección en español:
gtypist esp.typ
Para indicarle a gtypist que busque una lección bar.typ en un
directorio no estándar /home/foo:
export GTYPIST_PATH="/home/foo"
gtypist bar.typ
Para ejecutar las lecciones del fichero test.typ del directorio
/tmp, comenzando con la etiqueta TEST1 y empleando el
cursor de la terminal de manera silenciosa:
gtypist -t -q -l TEST1 /tmp/test.typ
GNU Typist viene con las siguientes lecciones:
Curso rápido de QWERTY en inglés.
Curso largo de QWERTY en inglés.
Mecanografía al tacto QWERTY en inglés.
Otro QWERTY en inglés.
Repaso de QWERTY en inglés.
Mecanografía al tacto Dvorak en inglés.
Entrenamiento mecanográfico en inglés.
Entrenamiento de velocidad en inglés.
Teclado numérico en inglés.
Compendio de todas las lecciones anteriores en inglés.
Curso QWERTY en español.
Lecciones en checo.
Lecciones en ruso.
Estas lecciones son las estándares de Ktouch 1.0, convertidas a formato de fichero gtypist mediante tools/ktouch2typ.pl.
Los ficheros se llaman ktde.typ (german.ktouch), kten.typ (english.ktouch), ktfr.typ (french.ktouch), ktfr2.typ (french-2.ktouch), ktno.typ (norwegian.ktouch) ktdk.typ (danish.ktouch), ktdk2.typ (danish-2.ktouch), ktdvorak.typ (dvorak.ktouch) and ktnumber.typ (number.ktouch).
Se trata de la lección en alemán de tipptrainer, convertida mediante tools/tt2typ.pl.
De encontrarse errores en estas lecciones, o si se corrigen de algún modo o se escriben lecciones nuevas, rogamos que se publiquen con una licencia libre y nos lo comuniquen a bug-gtypist@gnu.org.
typefortunetypefortune permite practicar con textos del programa
fortune.
SYNTAX: typefortune [-dslh] [-n count] [-o <gtypist_opts>]
-dUsa D: en vez de S:.
-sEjecuta fortune con -s.
-lEjecuta fortune con -l.
-n cantidadPractica esa cantidad de fortunas.
-o opciónPasa opciones a gtypist, en la forma opción (opción
booleana, e.d. -o word-processor), opción,valor (opción
con valor, e.d. -o e,1.0) donde la opción es el nombre de
la opción (corta o larga) removidos todos los guiones antepuestos.
Hace falta entrecomillar el argumento de -o si se va a
especificar más de uno: typefortune -n 3 -o 'silent e,5
word-processor'.
GNU Typist lee los datos de sus lecciones de mecanografía desde un fichero. Con la excepción de los comentarios y de las líneas en blanco, cada línea del fichero está en el formato
carácter_del_comando : datos_del_comando
Aquí, carácter_del_comando es un código de carácter único que
define una acción que ha de hacer gtypist, y datos_del_comando
son los datos para ese comando. Si carácter_del_comando es un
carácter de espacio, eso indica que la línea es continuación del
comando precedente que no sea un espacio. El separador ‘:’ debe
estar en la columna dos de la línea.
Las líneas de comentarios son aquellas que comienzan con un carácter ‘#’ y se ignoran, como se hace igualmente con las líneas en blanco. Las líneas de comentario pueden tener cualquier formato siempre que comiencen con ‘#’; las líneas restantes deben tener el formato de arriba.
Será conveniente leer la introducción para familiarizarse con los fundamentos: Véase Introduccion.
La siguiente es la lista de valores carácter_del_comando
válidos:
BEste comando limpia la pantalla entera. Si hay presente algún
datos_del_comando, se muestra en la leyenda de una línea que
hay en la parte superior de la pantalla y permanece ahí hasta el
siguiente comando B. Este comando no se puede continuar en la
línea siguiente; es un comando de una sola línea.
TPresenta una tutoría y se trata de un comando multi-línea, hasta el límite de la longitud de la pantalla. Cada línea del comando simplemente se imprime en la pantalla. Este comando limpia toda la pantalla por debajo de la línea de la leyenda superior. Después de producirse la visualización, el programa espera antes de proceder.
*Esto indica una etiqueta en el fichero. La etiqueta puede ser el
destino de un comando G, Y, N o F. Las
etiquetas pueden contener cualesquier caracteres, incluso espacios, y
son comandos de una sola línea. Han de ser únicas dentro de los
ficheros de lecciones. Se ignora el espacio en blanco al final de las
etiquetas.
IEl comando I puede mostrar algunas breves instrucciones por
encima de un entrenamiento o prueba de velocidad. Sólo se permite
como máximo dos líneas. A diferencia del comando T, no espera
por ninguna otra pulsación de tecla antes de proceder. Así que
realmente siempre le debería seguir un ejercicio. Limpia el área
entera de ejercicios de la pantalla, así que en este sentido es como
un T de dos líneas.
MEste comando es la nueva vía para crear menús (desde gtypist 2.7). Esta es la sintaxis:
M: [UP=ETIQUETA_DE-RETORNO|_EXIT] "título" :ETIQUETA1 "elemento1" :ETIQUETA2 "elemento2" ...
Esto muestra un menú conveniente compuesto por los elementos
especificados y deja que el usuario elija uno de ellos. Si se
selecciona un elemento, gtypist continúa la ejecución del script a
partir de la etiqueta correspondiente. Si se presionó la tecla Escape
y la etiqueta UP está definida, gtypist va igualmente a la
etiqueta UP, o sale de allí, si hay un ``_EXIT'' en
lugar de la etiqueta. Si la etiqueta UP no está definida,
gtypist intenta regresar al menú anterior y salta a la última etiqueta
encontrada en el script anterior al comando M previo. Si no
hubiera tal etiqueta y se mostró algún menú antes del actual, gtypist
se limitará a ir al comienzo del script. Si no se cumple ninguna de
las condiciones anteriores, gtypist sale del script.
Los detalles de arriba hacen natural la creación de jerarquías de
menús sin tener que usar etiquetas UP.
El título y todas las descripciones deben encerrarse entre comillas
(""). Además debe haber como mínimo un espacio entre UP=XXX y
"título" y entre las etiquetas y las descripciones correspondientes.
Este comando se introdujo como una vía para disponer fácilmente
diversas partes de los ficheros de lecciones en una única jerarquía de
menú, así como reemplazo para los antiguos menús de la tecla F.
Hay ejemplos en los ficheros de lecciones.
D,dEste comando se llama entrenamiento y es uno de los dos tipos de ejercicios mecanográficos.
Es un comando multi-línea. El texto se muestra en cada línea alterna, y el usuario escribe en las intermedias. Debido a ello, no se puede usar más de 11 líneas de contenido.
Este tipo de ejercicio se supone que está para el entrenamiento de los dedos (e.d. jfjfjjf), pero también puede contener palabras y frases completas si se usan para practicar algo (e.d. una letra/sílaba/"grip") y no son textos reales.
La versión en minúscula d es un entrenamiento de “sólo
práctica”; el usuario no tiene que repetirlo si tiene demasiadas
equivocaciones.
S,sEste es el segundo tipo de ejercicio de mecanografía: la prueba de velocidad.
Es un comando multi-línea. Muestra su texto en pantalla y le pide al usuario que escriba sobre él. Es el motivo por lo que se puede tener hasta 22 líneas de texto en estos ejercicios. En las pruebas de velocidad se pueden corregir los fallos, pero con ello no se disminuye la cuenta de errores.
Las pruebas de velocidad se deberían usar para mecanografiar (principalmente) frases completas, textos o ficheros (e.d. cartas, ficheros texinfo/html/tex).
La versión en minúscula s es una prueba de velocidad de
sólo práctica: el usuario no tiene que repetirla en el caso de
cometer demasiados fallos.
GCausa que ‘gtypist’ vaya a la etiqueta que hay en
datos_del_comando y continúe allí la ejecución del script.
Consiste en una única línea de comandos.
QEste comando presenta un texto en la línea de mensajes y espera por una respuesta de Y o N antes de proceder. Se ignora el resto de caracteres.
Como efecto colateral, se puede presionar una tecla de función si está asociada (una vía ya desaconsejada de crear el indicador de los menús).
YEs como G, excepto que el goto se ejecuta sólo si el resultado
del último comando Q fue Y.
NEs como G, excepto que el goto se ejecuta sólo si el resultado
del último comando Q fue N.
KEsta comando está desaconsejado en favor de M: Este
comando asocia una tecla de función a una etiqueta. El formato de la
línea de datos que sigue a este comando debe ser
fkey_number:label, donde fkey_number es el número de una
tecla de función entre 1 y 12, y label es una etiqueta a la que
ir cuando se presiona este tecla. Si la etiqueta tiene el valor NULL,
se elimina cualquier asociación que la tecla tenga con alguna
etiqueta.
Si las teclas de función no están disponibles en la terminal, se pueden usar otras teclas: de 1 a 9 para reemplazar de F1 a F9, 0 para reemplazar F10, A para F11 y S para F12.
Otras alternativas para las teclas F1-F12 son las combinaciones: Ctrl-Q, Ctrl-W, Ctrl-E, Ctrl-R, Ctrl-T, Ctrl-Z, Ctrl-U, Ctrl-I, Ctrl-O, Ctrl-P, Ctrl-A y Ctrl-S.
Esto también es útil cuando las teclas de función quedan interceptadas por otros programas (por ejemplo, algunos gestores de ventanas).
EEste comando se usa para establecer la tasa máxima de error permitida
para el siguiente entrenamiento (E:<value>%) o para todas las
prácticas posteriores hasta la siguiente E:
(E:<value>%*).
Si se especifica --max-error/-e, entonces este comando sólo surte efecto si es ——–> stricter que el valor especificado en la línea de comandos.
Los datos_del_comando consisten en el valor (entre 0.0 y 100.0),
seguido de ‘%’ (se requiere para que los scripts sean más
legibles). La palabra default o Default lo re-establece
en su valor predeterminado.
FEste comando (“etiqueta de al-fallar”) se usa para decidir la
etiqueta (en datos_del_comando) a donde el usuario habrá de ir
si falla un ejercicio.
Lo habitual es que este comando sólo sea de aplicación en el ejercicio
siguiente, pero el usuario puede convertirlo en persistente si pone un
‘*’ al final de los datos_del_comando.
Si se pone NULL, esto reinicia la etiqueta.
XEste comando causa que Gtypist finalice. Es de una sola línea. Se
ignoran los datos_del_comando. El programa también finaliza si
se encuentra el final del fichero (así que también se podría poner una
etiqueta allí y simplemente hacer G en ella)
Este es un script de ejemplo para mostrar los comandos disponibles en el fichero de lección (tinydemo.typ):
# Demostración mínima B: Demostración del tutor mecanográfico *:LOOP K:1:QDONE T:Este es un pequeño ejemplo de tutoría. Un ejemplo :mejor se encuentra en el fichero demo.typ que :acompaña a GNU Typist I:Este es un ejemplo de un ejercicio: D:asdf ghjkl; I:Y este lo es de una prueba de velocidad: S:qwe rt yu iop *:QDONE Q:¿Ha visto suficiente? [Y/N] N:LOOP X:
Esta sección proporciona indicaciones y sugerencias para la creación de lecciones nuevas (o la mejora de las existentes).
Una vía muy fácil de escribir lecciones es hacerlo en el formato que
emplea ktouch y después convertirlas a lecciones de Gtypist
usando tools/ktouch2typ.pl. Este programa se cuida de
escribir las “tablas de saltos”, un menú y un poco más.
El formato ktouch consiste sólo en lecciones, que están precedidas por sus nombres y separadas por líneas en blanco y/o comentarios (‘#’ al principio de las líneas). Así que la primera línea del fichero que no esté en blanco y no sea un comentario es el nombre de la primera lección y esta primera lección consiste en todas las líneas hasta la siguiente que sea un comentario o esté en blanco. Tras el separador (comentario o línea en blanco) sigue el nombre de la segunda lección y así sucesivamente.
Esta es una muestra de un fichero ktouch con tres lecciones (extraídas de las tres primeras lecciones de german.ktouch):
# # Deutsche Training-Datei für KTouch # Grundstellung f f f f f f fff fff fff f f f f f f fff fff fff f f f f f f f fff j j j j j j jjj jjj jjj j j j j j j jjj jjj jjj j j j j j j j jjj fff jjj fff jjj jjj fff jjj fff fjf fjf fjf jfj jfj jfj fjf jfjfj Grundstellung fff jjj ddd kkk aaa ööö fff jjj ddd kkk aaa ööö fff jjj ddd kkkff fda jkö fda jkö fda jkö fda jkö fda jkö fda jkö fda jkö fda jköfd s s s s s s sss sss sss s s s s s s sss sss sss s s s s s s s sss #Zwei wichtige Vokale: e und i e und i asdf ölkj fdsa jklö asdf ölkj fdsa jklö asdf ölkj fdsa jklö asdfö das dass lös fad dass lös als dass las lös fad dass als dass dass ded ded ded dej dek del deö ded deö del dek dej ded dej dek delde
Una vez que esté hecha, se usa tools/ktouch2typ.pl para
convertir el fichero : ‘ktouch2typ.pl lesson.ktouch’ convierte
lesson.ktouch en lesson.typ. Es importante que el
fichero de entrada finalice en ‘.ktouch’, de lo contrario
ktouch2typ.pl lo saltará. Advertencia: esto sobre-escribe
lesson.typ sin comunicarlo.
Se puede personalizar el número de líneas que emplea
ktouch2typ.pl para cada práctica, modificando la variable
pertinente en tools/ktouch2typ.pl.
Obviamente, la desventaja de este método es que no se pueden aprovechar todas las características de Gtypist (pero el fichero de salida es muy legible, así que se puede editar para introducirle más características del programa).
fortuneCon gtypist-mode.el se pueden crear rápidamente lecciones con
texto del programa fortune (o el interno de Emacs
yow si ni se tiene fortune, lo habitual en
Windows).
Una vez instalado gtypist-mode.el (véase Modo para Emacs), se
puede abrir un fichero con la extensión ‘.typ’ y ejecutar
C-c C-f para crear una práctica (D: es la predeterminada,
se usa C-u o C-u C-u para cambiarla).
[NdT: aquí se mezcla el contenido normal de un manual de uso del programa con asuntos específicos pedagógicos acerca de la mecanografía; y se hace de manera pobre. Sería preferible remitir a otro documento.]
d:/s:)
(mezclados posiblemente con algunos ejercicios “reales”) seguidos
por un “test final”. esp.typ emplea este esquema.
I:Emplee el dedo J para la tecla H. *:_T_R_L23 D:jjj jhj jjj jhj jjj jhj
findwordsEl script tools/findwords que se encuentra en las fuentes de GNU Typist está para asistir en la creación de lecciones nuevas.
Al principio se crea un tutor desde cero, no es fácil formar palabras ni frases cuando el intervalo de letras que se pueden usar está restringido. A veces se quiere insertar algún párrafo “destinado” a alguna combinación especial de dos o tres letras. Esto es incluso más difícil.
Por este motivo hemos creado findwords. Este programa
emplea los diccionarios de aspell (un corrector ortográfico
multi-lingüe y libre).
Se necesitan los paquetes aspell y aspell-LG, donde LG es el código de idioma ISO del idioma que se quiere usar.
Tras su correcta instalación habrá que hacer un pequeño cambio en la configuración para que el banco de datos maestro de aspell sea el del idioma elegido. Esto se puede hacer por dos vías:
master
LANGUAGE
/usr/lib/aspell/LG En lo de arriba, LG significa código de idioma ISO (vg. ‘en’, ‘fr’, ‘cs’) y LANGUAGE significa nombre del banco de datos que hay en /usr/lib/aspell (vg. english.multi, french, czech).
Se puede verificar si funciona escribiendo:
aspell dump master | less
findwordsLa sintaxis es como sigue:
./findwords letras [combinación]
En el argumento letras, obligatorio, se deben listar las letras que se quieren usar, sin ningún espacio. Si se pone un punto (‘.’) nos referimos a ‘todas las letras’. El segundo argumento, combinación, es optativo y con él se especifican las combinaciones de teclas que se están buscando.
Algunos ejemplos:
./findwords asdfjkleruio ./findwords asdfjkleruio sa ./findwords . col gtypist viene ahora con un modo mayor para Emacs que hace resaltado de sintaxis, sangrado y posee algunos comandos convenientes para contar etiquetas, ir a ellas, insertar leyendas centradas adecuadamente, comentarios especiales y un poco más.
Se copia el fichero tools/gtypist-mode.el a donde sea que se tengan los ficheros elisp locales (v.g. ~/elisp) y se pone esto en al ~/.emacs (adáptese la ruta):
(autoload 'gtypist-mode "~/elisp/gtypist-mode")
o se pone en la load-path (‘make install’ en las fuentes o
el paquete Debian, que ya lo hace solo) y se usa esto:
(autoload 'gtypist-mode "gtypist-mode")
y se añade esto al ~/.emacs:
(setq auto-mode-alist
(cons '("\\.typ\\'" . gtypist-mode) auto-mode-alist))
Todo esto también se menciona en la sección README del fichero tools/gtypist-mode.el.
Estos son los comandos junto con sus asociaciones de teclas:
Con esto se muestra la documentación de gtypist, comenzando en el nodo “Sintaxis de las lecciones” (véase Sintaxis de las lecciones). Con prefijo, comienza en el nodo superior.
Pide una etiqueta a la que ir (con completado).
Este comando inserta la siguiente etiqueta en una secuencia numerada. Por ejemplo, si se inserta
*:SERIES1_L1
y se presiona C-c C-l, entonces el modo gtypist insertará
*:SERIES1_L2
Este comando inserta un comando B: centrado. Se centra en 66
columnas porque “gtypist <version>” está en la esquema derecha (pide
el contenido).
Inserta una línea horizontal (comentario) consistente en guiones.
Inserta los comentarios (cabecera) y una etiqueta para empezar una lección nueva (pide el nombre).
Inserta un entrenamiento (D:) con texto de fortune (o
yow si fortune no está disponible). Se usa el
prefijo C-u para obtener S:, y C-u C-u para obtener
d:.
Ejecutando C-h m se consigue la lista completa de comandos y sus asociaciones de teclas.
Quien localice fallos o piense que hay alguna otra cosa que podría introducirse, puede escribir a bug-gtypist@gnu.org.
GNU Typist emplea las siguientes variables de entorno:
LANGGNU Typist ofrece soporte en idioma nativo (Native Language Support,
NLS) mediante la biblioteca ‘gettext’, esto significa que si el
sistema lo admite, se puede elegir el idioma en que se muestren los
mensajes. Por ahora gtypist se distribuye con mensajes en
alemán, checo, español, francés, inglés y suomi. Para usar un NLS
particular se emplea la variable de entorno LANG y se pone en la
combinación apropiada de ‘LL_CC’, donde ‘LL’ es un código de
idioma ISO 639 de dos letras y ‘CC’ es un código de país ISO 3166
de dos letras (v.g. ‘es_ES’ para España y de_DE para
Alemania). En algunos sistemas también será necesario poner la
variable de entorno LANGUAGE en el mismo valor.
Quien desee traducir los mensajes a otros idiomas (o corregir los ya traducidos), se puede comunicar con bug-gtypist@gnu.org.
GTYPIST_PATHLista los directorios en donde buscará el programa los ficheros.
Tiene el formato estándar de las rutas, esto es, una lista de
directorios separados por ‘:’. Para visitar un fichero, gtypist
lo intentará como sigue: (1) usar sólo el nombre del fichero (2)
agregará cada uno de los directorios especificados en a variable
GTYPIST_PATH y (3) agregará el directorio usado durante el
proceso de instalación (v.g. /usr/local/share/gtypist o
/usr/share/gtypist).
TERMLo emplea curses para manejarse con la terminal.
TERMINFOEs posible que esto tenga que establecerse si la ruta al banco de
datos terminfo es diferente entre el sistema en el que se
compiló el binario y aquel en que se ejecuta. Por ejemplo, en los
sistemas Slackware antiguos, el banco de datos terminfo reside en
/usr/lib/terminfo. En RedHat Linux, está en
/usr/share/terminfo. Si el programa se queja acerca del tipo
de terminal y el valor de TERM es correcto, hay que revisar
esta variable.
GNU Typist aún no admite codificación de caracteres multi-byte (como UTF-8). Para ver todos los caracteres de algunas de las lecciones, hay que asegurarse de que la terminal se ejecute en un entorno en donde la variable LANG no esté puesta en UTF-8. Los usuarios más perezosos pueden probar a ejecutar GNU Typist en otro tipo de terminal. A veces funciona.
GNU Typist no hace muchos esfuerzos en minimizar la salida de la terminal. En particular, el cursor de bloque que hace flash puede causar un montón de movimiento de cursor. El uso del cursor de la propia terminal puede ser de ayuda si esto se convierte en un problema.
En las pruebas de velocidad, el programa no permite el retroceso o eliminación más allá del comienzo de la línea de pantalla o regresar a través de caracteres de tabulación. Esto se debe puramente al deseo de simplificar la actualización de la pantalla.
Los modos de color de curses no parecen funcionar bien con UnixWare. En particular, el vídeo inverso no siempre se procesa correctamente en algunos tipos de terminales ni en xterms.
[se ofrece una dirección en geocities que ya no existe]
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This License is a kind of “copyleft”, which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The “Document”, below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as “you”. You accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright law.
A “Modified Version” of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language.
A “Secondary Section” is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document’s overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.
The “Invariant Sections” are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.
The “Cover Texts” are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
A “Transparent” copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public, that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not “Transparent” is called “Opaque”.
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes only.
The “Title Page” means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, “Title Page” means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work’s title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
A section “Entitled XYZ” means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, “Endorsements”, or “History”.) To “Preserve the Title” of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a section “Entitled XYZ” according to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies.
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document’s license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version’s license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled “History” in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled “History”; likewise combine any sections Entitled “Acknowledgements”, and any sections Entitled “Dedications”. You must delete all sections Entitled “Endorsements.”
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an “aggregate” if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation’s users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document’s Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, or “History”, the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:
Copyright (C) year your name. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the “with…Texts.” line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being list their titles, with
the Front-Cover Texts being list, and with the Back-Cover Texts
being list.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.