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C.5.2 Goals For A New Mechanism ¶

Some goals for the new API were:

• The API should be independent of gawk internals. Changes in gawk internals should not be visible to the writer of an extension function.
• The API should provide binary compatibility across gawk releases as long as the API itself does not change.
• The API should enable extensions written in C or C++ to have roughly the same “appearance” to awk-level code as awk functions do. This means that extensions should have:
  • The ability to access function parameters.
  • The ability to turn an undefined parameter into an array (call by reference).
  • The ability to create, access and update global variables.
  • Easy access to all the elements of an array at once (“array flattening”) in order to loop over all the element in an easy fashion for C code.
  • The ability to create arrays (including gawk’s true arrays of arrays).

Some additional important goals were:

• The API should use only features in ISO C 90, so that extensions can be written using the widest range of C and C++ compilers. The header should include the appropriate ‘#ifdef __cplusplus’ and ‘extern "C"’ magic so that a C++ compiler could be used. (If using C++, the runtime system has to be smart enough to call any constructors and destructors, as gawk is a C program. As of this writing, this has not been tested.)
• The API mechanism should not require access to gawk’s symbols¹²⁴ by the compile-time or dynamic linker, in order to enable creation of extensions that also work on MS-Windows.

During development, it became clear that there were other features that should be available to extensions, which were also subsequently provided:

• Extensions should have the ability to hook into gawk’s I/O redirection mechanism. In particular, the xgawk developers provided a so-called “open hook” to take over reading records. During development, this was generalized to allow extensions to hook into input processing, output processing, and two-way I/O.
• An extension should be able to provide a “call back” function to perform cleanup actions when gawk exits.
• An extension should be able to provide a version string so that gawk’s --version option can provide information about extensions as well.

The requirement to avoid access to gawk’s symbols is, at first glance, a difficult one to meet.

One design, apparently used by Perl and Ruby and maybe others, would be to make the mainline gawk code into a library, with the gawk utility a small C main() function linked against the library.

This seemed like the tail wagging the dog, complicating build and installation and making a simple copy of the gawk executable from one system to another (or one place to another on the same system!) into a chancy operation.

Pat Rankin suggested the solution that was adopted. See How It Works at a High Level, for the details.